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0. Of D. 

DEC 28 1915 

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NOTE OF TRANSMITTAL. 


June Twenty-first 
Nineteen-fifteen. 


To the Honorable Mayor 

and Common Council and 

the Commissioner of Public Works, 

City of Milwaukee. 

1 herewith transmit to you my report on the Street Lighting Survey 
of the City of Milwaukee, in compliance with Ordinance File No. 8616, 
accompanying this note in the form of three bound volumes, marked 
respectively as follows: 

(a ; REPORT ON STREET LIGHTING OF THE CITY OF MIL¬ 
WAUKEE. 

(b) STREET LIGHTING ATLAS OF THE CITY OF MILWAU¬ 

KEE. 

(c) STREET LIGHTING: THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

Even a cursory perusal of this report will indicate the immense 
amount of technical and practical detail embraced in working out of the 
recommended system of street lighting for the City, and it has been prac¬ 
tically a physical impossibility to complete all the loose ends of the routine 
work of the proposition in the time available, and your indulgence is 
desired relative to missing details, as these will be supplied just as 
rapidly as completed. 

Hoping this will meet with your approval, I beg to subscribe myself. 

Yours respectfully, 

F. A. Vaughn, 

Engineer of Street Lighting 
Survey, City of Milwaukee. 

FAVrLK 


INVESTMENT ESTIMATES. 


If the recommendation of the Engineer that the City purchase, 
install and own the distribution system of the recommended Street Light¬ 
ing System, be accepted, the total investment to he provided for by the 
time of completion of the recommended system, or its steps, has been esti¬ 
mated and is given herein. 

In preparing these estimates, it has, of course, been difficult to find 
precedents on which to base estimates, on account of the recommended 
improvements over systems now in use, and many opportunities seem to 
present themselves for the working out and adoption, of extremely simple 
and economical methods of installing cable, making concrete po ts, manu¬ 
facturing units and equipment, etc. Full advantage of these facts, how¬ 
ever, cannot be taken in these estimates, because of lack of precedent, 
■although many thousands of dollars can be saved in the field by the 
proper organization of forces and the adoption and working out of proper 
methods, easily devised and applied. 

On the other hand, manufacturers and other engineers have very 
magnanimously co-operated, even to the extent of actual manufacture 
in their shops, to develop and calculate the estimated prices used on 
much of the material, and practically all of the proposed improved 
apparatus is, therefore, available on the market, with the probability of 
decreasing costs with increasing use. 

In estimating the investment required, therefore, conservatively 
high estimates have been used. 

In the report, recommendations have been made that the installation 
be made in steps, or progressive stages, and the total estimated investment 
for the distribution system installed for the first step, or the minimum 
recommended 


is as follows: For the lighting equipment, $546,985; for the transmis¬ 
sion and transportation equipment, $586,124; or a total of $1,133,109. 
For the first and second steps together, which is the amount recom¬ 
mended to be installed by the end of 1917 and which includes approx¬ 
imately 8500 units, the total estimated investment is as follows: For 
the lighting equipment, $6,67,547; for the transmission and transporta¬ 
tion equipment, $612,099; or a total of $1,279,646. 

Attention is called to the small increase in investment required by 
the second step. This is due to the fact that the first installation of wires 
and cables will provide for the addition of lighting units at a minimum 
increase in cost. 


REPORT 


ON 

STREET LIGHTING SURVEY 

OF 

THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 


F. G. SIMMONS, 

F. A. VAUGHN, 

Commissioner of 

Public Works. 

Engineer of Street 
Lighting Survey. 


June, 1915. 


70 





SUMMARY OF REPORT 


ON 

STREET LIGHTING SURVEY 

OF 

THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 


For convenient reference, the recommendations resulting; from the 
Street Lighting Survey have been arranged and indexed as below. It is 
earnestly recommended that, if any doubt arises as to the wisdom of 
any particular recommendation, the full discussion of the subject in the 
body of the report be consulted. It is believed that such various discus¬ 
sions in the body of the report fully justify all the recommendations made 
below. 


Index of Recommendations. 

ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS 

Type of System 

1. Lamp. 

(a) Electric 

(b) Gas 

2. Equipment 

3. Fixtures 

4. Posts 

(a) For main business district, parks, and certain boulevards. 

(b) For small store district. 

(c) For residence district, street intersections, and transi¬ 
tory districts. 

(d) For residence streets between intersections, and for cer¬ 
tain boulevards. 

(e) For squares and open places. 

5. Circuit Routing. 



6. Regulation and Control 

(a) Regulation 

(b) Circuit Control 

(c) Lamp Control 

7. Number of Lamps to be Installed 

Maintenance of System 

8. Maintenance Requirements 

(a) Renewal of lamps or lamp parts 

(b) Cleaning 

(c) Painting of poles 

9. Method of Maintenance 

(a) Lamps 

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS:— 

Investment 

10. Ownership of Distribution System 

Installation 

11. Rate and Order 

(a) Rate of Installation 
(h|) Order of Installation 

Maintenance 

12. Maintenance of Distribution System. 

(a) Electric 

(b) Gas 

Organization for Extension and Maintenance 

13. Division of Street Lighting of Department of Public Works 

(a) Organization of division 

(b) Co-operation of Police and Fire Alarm Departments 


CONTRACTUAL CONSIDERATIONS 

14. Basis of Contract 

(a) Electric 

(b) Gas 

15. Length of Contract Term 

LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENTS 

16. Creation of Division of Street Lighting of Department of 

Public Works. 

17. Bond Issue for Installation of Distribution System. 

18. Regulation of Privately Installed Street Lighting. 


19. Approval of Report and Authorization of Commissioner of 
Public Works to Carry Out Recommendations. 


RECOMMENDATIONS 


1. Lamps. 

(a) It is recommended that incandescent electric lamps, of the type 
known as the gas-filled tungsten-filament lamp, be used for 
lighting the streets of Milwaukee, except so far as mantle gas 
lamps may be employed under the conditions covered in Recom- 
mendation 1 (b). 

(b) It is recommended that mantle gas lamps of the new type de¬ 
scribed in the accompanying report, be used in lighting the 
streets of Milwaukee insofar as such lamps may be available in 
suitable sizes, and insofar as the lighting service provided by 
such gas lamps can be obtained at a lesser total cost to the city. 
It is further recommended that a suitable size of gas lamp be 
considered to be one which will give, with typical service condi¬ 
tion of burner but with new mantle, 10% more light than that 
specified in the accompanying report for the corresponding size 
of electric lamp. 

2. Globes or Reflectors. 

It is recommended that all lamps employed in lighting the 
streets of Milwaukee under Recommendations 1 (a) and 1 (b) 
be equipped with the prismatic refractor type of globe. It is 
considered that the adoption of this recommendation is espe¬ 
cially essential to the attainment of an economical and efficient 
street lighting system. 

3. Fixture. 

It is recommended that the type of street lighting fixture shown 
on Drawings Nos. F-2-68, F-l-64, F-l-65, and F-l-63, of 
Vaughn, Meyer & Sweet, be adopted. This type has been espe¬ 
cially designed to meet the requirements of the City of Mil¬ 
waukee. 


I 


4. Posts. 

(a) It is recommended that for the main business district, that for 
Third Street to Meinecke, that for Highland, McKinley, Wash¬ 
ington, Sherman and Layton Boulevards, and that for the 
general lighting of Lake, Washington and Humboldt Parks, a 
post of the type shown in either Fig. 3 or Fig. 4, and supporting 
the lamp at a height of 30 feet above the street, surface, be 
employed. 

(b) It is recommended that for business streets and business dis¬ 
tricts other than the main business district, and for certain 
non-forested streets, a post of the type shown in either Fig. 3 
or Fig. 4, and supporting the lamp at a height of 22 1 /2 feet 
above the street surface, be employed. 

(c) It is recommended that at the intersections of residence streets 
and in transitory districts, suitable tubular steel poles of the 
type described in the accompanying report be employed, the 
lamp and fixture being supported by a messenger cable at a 
height of 22 V 2 feet above the street surface. 

(d) It is recommended that between street intersections on long 
residence blocks and on certain boulevards, the post shown in 
the accompanying Fig. 2 and in Drawing No. D-l-24 be em¬ 
ployed, this post supporting the lamp at a height of 15 feet 
above the street surface. 

(e) It is recommended that at certain squares and open places,— 
to-wit, City Hall Square; Juneau Park; the intersection of 
Sherman Blvd., Pabst Ave., and Lisbon Ave.; the intersection 
of Lisbon Ave. and 39th St.; the intersection of Fond du Lac 
Ave.,'27th St. and Center St.; the intersection of Forest Home 
Ave., Lincoln Ave. and Muskego Ave.; and the intersection of 
Mitchell St., Forest Home Ave. and Eighth Ave.; and the in¬ 
tersection of Mitchell St., Kinnickinnic Ave. and Clinton St.,— 
a post of the type shown in either Fig. 3 or Fig. 4, and support¬ 
ing the lamp at a height of 45 feet above the street surface be 
employed. 


5. Circuit Routing. 


It is recommended that entirely new street lighting circuits, 
distinct from those now being employed, be provided. It is 
further recommended that the routing of these new circuits 
be such as shown on Map D, included in the accompanying 
Atlas. 


(>. Regulation and Control. 

(a) It is recommended that the suitable current be supplied to and 
maintained at the lamp circuit by the use of transformers with 
adjustable taps, and of suitable design; no constant current 
regulator being required. 

(b) It is recommended that the turning on and off of the lamps 
be affected by means of self-winding time switches, located at 
the points where the feeding circuits connect to the various 
street lighting circuits, such switch automatically turning on 
and off the lamp circuits at the proper time. 

(c) It is recommended that the failure (burn-out) of any individual 
lamp be prevented from effecting the operation of the other 
lamps on the circuit by means of the use of suitably designed 
lamp transformers. 

7. Number of Lamps to be Installed. 

It is recommended that a street lighting system providing 
approximately 8500 lamps, located as shown in the accompany¬ 
ing street lighting atlas, be installed within the next two and 
one-half years. Such a system will give splendidly improved 
street lighting service at a cost only slightly greater than that 
of Milwaukee’s present system, yet at a cost below the average 
of cities of Milwaukee’s size. It is further recommended that 
such additional lamps, over and above 8500, as may later be 
installed in order to still further improve 


the service, be installed in the order indicated in the accom¬ 
panying street lighting atlas, which indicates complete locations 
required for a practically ideal street lighting system for Mil¬ 
waukee. 

8. Maintenance Requirements. 

(a) It is recommended that incandescent electric lamps be renewed 
when burned out, or when the amount of emitted light has 
dropped to less than 80% of the initial value. It is further 
recommended that mantle gas lamps be required to be main¬ 
tained so that the total amount of light emitted by any lamp 
shall not drop below 70% of the initial requirement (See 
Recommendation 1 (b).)— 

(b) It is recommended that the lamp and the fixture parts, and 
particularly the prismatic refractor, be thoroughly cleaned at 
least as often as once a month, on the average. 

(c) It is recommended that all metal posts or poles be painted at 
least once every two years. 

9. Method of Maintenance. 

It is recommended that, in general, the renewal or maintenance 
of lamps or parts, including the cleaning of refractors, be 
accomplished by means of an extensible platform wagon. In 
the case of lamps supported 45 feet above the street, however, 
it is recommended that absolute cut-outs be employed and the 
lamps lowered to the street for maintenance attention. 

10. Ownership of Distribution System. 

It is recommended that the complete street lighting distribu¬ 
tion system be installed on such a basis as to provide for abso¬ 
lute ownership of the system by the city. If for any reason 
the direct and immediate ownership contemplated by Recom¬ 
mendation 17 be deemed inexpedient, it is recommended that 
the con- 


tract basis (Recommendation 14) provide that the City receive 
full right and title to the distribution system at the end of the 
contract period. 

11. Rate and Order of Installation. 

(a) It is recommended that as large a proportion of the recom¬ 
mended street lighting system, the system providing for approxi¬ 
mately 8500 lamps, be installed during the year 1915 as the 
available funds will permit. It is further recommended that 
the major portion of the balance of the system be. installed 
during the year 1916. It is further recommended that the 
entire installation of this system be completed before the end 
of the year 1917. 

(b) It is recommended that any required underground circuit, 
specified on the maps of the accompanying atlas for the new 
street lighting distribution system, be at once laid in streets 
where new paving is in process. It is further recommended 
that the complete circuits of the new system first to be installed 
be provided for those districts where the present street lighting 
is especially inadequate, notably in the northwest and south¬ 
west portions of the city. It is further recommended that the 
circuits supplying the various business centers be installed at 
a relatively early date. 

12. Maintenance of Distribution System. 

(a) It is recommended that maintenance attention required by the 
complete electric distribution system be directly provided by 
the city. 

(b) It is recommended that gas lamps and the- supporting posts be 
maintained by the utility providing gas lighting service, the 
city paying for such maintenance on an equitable basis, 


and assuring itself b} T , adequate inspection that the contracted- 
for quality of maintenance is actually provided. 

13. Division of Street Lighting of Department of Public Works. 

(a) It is recommended that a Division of Street Lighting he created 
as a bureau of the Department of Public Works. Such a 
division should have supervisory and inspectional charge, sub¬ 
ject to the direction of the Commissioner of Public Works, of 
maintenance of and extension to the street lighting system. 
It is recommended that adequate financial support be accorded 
to such a division, in view of large economies to he effected 
through its activities. 

(b) It is recommended that the actual work of maintaining the 
electric street lighting distribution system be performed by the 
Police and Fire Alarm Department of the City, such work to be 
in accordance with the specifications or requirements of the 
executive in charge of the new Division of Street Lighting. It 
is further recommended that adequate financial support be pro¬ 
vided for this work in the budget of the Police and Fire Alarm 
Department. 

14. Basis of Contract. 

(a) It is recommended that a contract be entered into for the 
purchase, on the kilowatthour basis, of such electrical energy 
as may be required to operate the new street lighting system; 
and it is further recommended that contractual provision be 
made on an equitable basis, for the continued operation of 
existing street lamps until these are superseded by lamps of 
the new system. 

(b) It is recommended that a contract be entered into for the pur¬ 
chase of such amount 


of gas, and for the furnishing of gas burners and maintenance 
attention, as may he required in connection with such gas lamps 
as are installed on the new system. 

15. Length of Contract Term. 

It is recommended that the length of contract term for both 
electric lighting and gas lighting service be five years, providing 
the contract be signed during the year 1915. 

o o 

. ^ 

16. Creation of Division of Street Lighting. 

It is recommended that such legislative enactment he passed 
as will serve to create the recommended Division of Street 
Lighting of the Department of Public Works. 

17. Bond Issue for Installation of Distribution System. 

It is recommended that such legislative action be taken as may 
be necessary to provide a bond issue sufficient for the installation 
of the recommended distribution system. 

18. Regulation of Privately Installed Street Lighting. 

It is recommended that such legislative enactment be passed 
as will regulate and control the installation of the street lamps 
by private individuals. Such enactment; should in general pro¬ 
vide that only the types of posts and fixtures, adopted as stand¬ 
ard by the City, be permittetd to be installed, and only at 
locations shown in the accompanying street lighting atlas, and 
approved by the executive in charge of the Division of Street 
Lighting. 

o o 

19. General Approval of Report. 

It is recommended that such legislative action be taken by the 
Common Council as will serve to approve of this report of the 
Street Lighting Survey to put into effect the various recom¬ 
mendations herein presented and to authorize the Commissioner 
of Public Works to carry out the provisions of these recom¬ 
mendations. 


REPORT 


Scope. 


ON 

STREET LIGHTING SURVEY 

OF 

THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 
JUNE, 1915. 


THE PROBLEM. 

The scope of this report comprises a complete street lighting survey 
of the City of Milwaukee and recommendations as to the best manner 
in which to light its streets, alleys, parks and public buildings, according 
to instructions contained in Ordinance File No. 8616. The Engineer 
of Street Lighting Survey has interpreted that ordinance in its broadest 
sense, and on account of present contractual conditions between the public 
utility and the City, and the present rapid state of progress in the science 
and art of street lighting, and the progressive attitude of the City, has 
attacked the problem with freedom and openness of mind, practically free 
from restrictions and unhampered by traditions or precedents. In 
other words, the problem has been solved by assuming no restrictions 
in working out the best and most advanced methods which the knowledge 
available today and the sound and rational predictions for the future 
would justify. 


71 



THE REQUIREMENTS. 


Establishment of Scientific Principles:— 

For reasons which have been set forth in another part of this report, 
it was necessary to establish and formulate the theoretical principles of 
scientific street lighting as a basis for the practical solution of the prob¬ 
lem. This has been done and is included as an appendix U> this report, 
under a separate cover entitled “Street Lighting: Theory and Practice.” 
Under this head is discussed the reasons for lighting the streets, the 
nature of night vision, the requirements of street lighting, and the best 
scientific means of meeting these requirements. To save repetition and 
technical details, reference will be made throughout this report to pages 
in the above treatise and all page references refer to the part of this 
report entitled as above. 

Practical Application to the Problem:— 

It is assumed that it needs no argumentation to establish that the 
present street lights in the City of Milwaukee are, on the whole, unusable 
in any new system which may be devised. Therefore, after the estab¬ 
lishment of the scientific principles referred to above, the routine work 
of applying these principles to the problem is divided into the following 
general subdivisions. 

Preliminary Considerations:— 

(a) Division of the City into zones or districts, according to their 
important characteristics which govern the type of street lighting unit 
to be employed, and the recording of this on a map. 

(b) Study of traffic conditions, present systems of poles and lines, 
forestation, and other exceptional conditions, etc., effecting general rules, 
and the recording of these on a map. 


72 


(c) Determination of proper intensity of illumination for each 
class of street, and for every district in the city, including alleys; and 
the recording of these data on a map. 

(d) Selection of the type of unit for each zone or district, including 
lamps, fixtures, posts and equipment. 

Engineering Considerations:— 

(e) The design of the units as selected under (d), including the 
detailed mechanical and electrical design, the invention and protection for 
the City by patent of novel features, and the actual development of the 
equipment, through manufacturing concerns, public utility companies, 
or others. 

(f) Establishment of the best theoretical spacing, or distance, be¬ 
tween units on all streets and their mounting heights, taking into consid¬ 
eration (a), (b), (d), and the recording of these data on large scaled 
maps of the city drawn for this purpose. 

(g) Checking and adjusting the above established items, especially 
the location of units, by actual routine inspection in the field. 

(h) Making final record of the corrected data in the form of sec¬ 
tional maps of the city on a large scale drawn for the purpose, showing 
all items such a;s style or type, height, and location of units, together 
with street characteristics, intensity of illumination, and the segregation 
of the final recommended system into steps, such that the present expense 
involved is a minimum and compatible with the requirements, and by 
the additional future steps the ultimate system can be finally attained. 

(i) Designing type and plan of distribution system, including rout¬ 
ing of circuits under- 


73 


Zones or 
Districts. 


ground and overhead, location of transformer:-, selection of controlling 
.apparatus, cable and other features. 

(j) Developing special apparatus or applications of standard appa¬ 
ratus to the problem. 

Economic Considerations:— 

(k) Calculation of total number of units of each type in each step, 
and the costs and economies involved in the investment, maintenance and 
operation of the recommended system. 

(l) Study of problem of ownership, rate and order of installation, 
organization of departments for extensions and maintenance. 

Contractual Considerations:— 

(m) Study and determination of proper basis of contract and 
length and term of contract. 

Legislative Enactments:— 

(n) Suggestions regarding legislative enactments necessary to earn¬ 
out plans and operations developed in the solving of the problem. 

Summary:— 

This report has been summarized, for convenience, as tersely as is 
feasible, and the summary is included at the beginning of this report. 

THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM. 

The city was first inspected in the field to determine the character 
of the streets and the uses made of them, so that zones or districts can 
be established as set forth above. 

An ideal city may be conceived to consist of (a) a busine-s center, 
which originally is small and restricted, and gradually enlarges outward 
through the adjoining residence districts, thereby creating (b) a transi¬ 
tory district which is in a state of passing from residence to business 
district; (c) a residence district radially further from the center; and 
(d) an outskirt district, where residences are sparse or not yet built. 
This ideal form of city is indicated in accompanying Fig. No. 1, but in 
practice, of course, is never realized. It can readily be seen, however, 
that in such an ideal arrangement, the intensity of illumination required 
would be greater and greater as we approach the center, each zone or 
•district being most economically served by a certain intensity which is 
sufficient to take care of the requirements established by the use of 
the district. 


74 - 


Traffic 

Conditions. 


The above ideal is seldom or never realized in a city of this country, 
as there are many exceptions to this idealistic growth, and the City of 
Milwaukee is perhaps as great an exception to the rule as could be 
found, because of its well-known segregation into several business centers, 
practically dividing the city into different isolated communities which 
merge more or less incompletely into one another. 

Affecting this part of the problem, there are also such restricted 
or spot areas, which may be horizontal or vertical; of considerable or 
restricted breadth, and considerable or restricted length. These are 
exemplified by parks, which may be located in any one of the above 
typical districts, by thoroughfares which may pass through one or more 
districts; by boulevards which may pass through one or all of these 
districts, and which are both a thoroughfare and a park; by squares 
which are usually the intersection of two or more thoroughfares, and 
may include a park; by alleys, which are present in all districts; by 
architectural features of the city which need special vertical treatment 
of illumination, such as the facades of halls and public buildings; fire 
stations; and miscellaneous types of buildings; and by monumental 
features of the city, such as especially artistic public buildings, statuary, 
fountains, etc. 

An investigation of the amount of night traffic on the various streets 
of the city was necessary to determine the intensity of illumination 
required as well as the mounting height of equipment, since the first 
purpose of street lighting is safety from collision (page 9), and the 
danger from collision is greatest where the traffic is densest. 

Density: The density of the traffic is the principal factor to inves¬ 
tigate, since the number of citizens involved is in proportion to the 
density. 


id 


Fore§tration. 


Character: The character of traffic may be divided into two gen¬ 
eral classes: (a) Vehicular, and (b) pedestrian. 

Vehicular traffic may be divided into three classes, at least: (a) Auto¬ 
mobile traffic, (b|) horse traffic, and (c) street car traffic. 

The presence of one or more of these conditions upon the street 
largely influences the type of unit selected and the intensity of illumina¬ 
tion. 

On account of the shadows cast by the foliage of the trees and on 
account of impracticability of locating a street lighting unit up amongst 
the foliage of branches, forestation on any given street is perhaps the 
most rigid restriction with which the engineer has to cope in deciding 
on the height, spacing, location and type of units. 

There are four conditions of forestation, each affecting the problem 
in a different manner. For instance, (a) if there are no trees on a 
street, the problem may be solved without reference to the trees unless 
it is evident that the future use of the street will bring with it forestation. 

(b!) If the trees are very young and slow-growing, the units may be so 
located as to be unrestricted at least for a considerable number of years. 

(c) If the trees are half-grown trees, with well-branching and healthy 
heads, the restrictions are greatest, as under those conditions in the city 
of Milwaukee it has been found that, if other conditions demand street 
lighting units to be located on' the side of the street as curb units, no 
greater height than 15 ft. to the center of the lamp filament is feasible 
on account of the trees, no matter how strong an argument from the 
standpoint of blinding effect or light distribution there may be for 
greater heights. If a cable suspension type of unit located in the middle 
of the roadway is indicated by other conditions, 22 V 2 ft. height of 


7 r, 


Intensities. 


suspension can be secured on the average street in Milwaukee, due to the 
arching of the tree boughs toward the center of the street. The above 
two heights have therefore been selected for their respective type of unit 
in this city, the latter having a definite ratio of one and one-half times 
the former, for reasons discussed under the subject of spacings and 
mounting heights. 

(d) If the trees are old and well-established, their trunks are high- 
reaching, and the lower boughs have either been trimmed or have fallen 
off, so that no difficulty is encountered in establishing the 15 ft. mounting 
height units in proximity to them. 

The required intensity of illumination sufficient to comply with the 
different uses of the various districts in the city and with due considera¬ 
tion of all the factors affecting it, as enumerated above, can be deter¬ 
mined. This may be stated either in the unit of “foot-candles,” or in 
the unit of “lumens per running foot of street.” It is preferred, for 
the purpose of this report, to state it in the former unit (page 29). Five 
general amounts of intensity have been selected for the city of Milwaukee 
with variations of them, according to the exceptions to the ideal city- 
layout enumerated above. The intensities selected are as follows: 

(a) Alley and outskirt intensity equals .01 foot-candles. 

(b) Residence district intensity equals .03 foot-candles. 

(c) Subsidiary traffic feeder, or thoroughfare, intensity equals 
.06 foot-candles. 

(d) Main traffic feeder, or thoroughfare, intensity equals .12 
foot candles. 

(e) Promenade intensity equals .50 foot-candles. 

The intensity of illumination required for each of the various streets 
in the city is shown on an accompanying map. The specific amount of 


77 


Design 
of Units. 


light necessary to be generated under the system recommended in order 
to produce the above illumination is shown on the final section maps of 
the Street Lighting Atlas by means of a red numeral, this numeral repre¬ 
senting the original required lumens per running foot of street. From 
this figure, by a very simple formula, those in charge of the detailed 
planning of the installation of the system can determine the size of lamp 
in any given block, or on any given length of street, after the number 
of the recommended units which will be put in at any given step has 
been determined by the city. The formula is as follows: 

(Length of block in ft.) X (red numeral on street) 

Number of units to he installed in the block = the size in lumens 

of the lamps to be 
installed. 

By reference to a lamp catalog, the exact size, or nearest larger size, 
should be selected. 

Lamps, both gas and electric, are now rated in candle power; 
lumens; and the consumption of energy, such as watts or cubic feet of 
gas per hour; and therefore a reference to a lamp catalog will enable 
the nearest lamp rated in lumens to be selected. 

The type of unit which is best suited for any given district or any 
given street depends, of course, primarily upon two general considera¬ 
tions: (a) Utilitarian factors; (hi) Aesthetic factors. 

Residence District Units: For instance, in residence districts, on 
account of the trees and aesthetic factors, except at the intersection of 
the streets, where greater illumination efficiency can he obtained at lower 
cost from a lamp suspended at the center of the intersection, a 15 ft. post 
type of unit on one or both sides of the street at the curb best complies 
with both factors (a) and (b). As stated before, higher mounting heights 
than this are not here practicable. 

Transitory District Units: In the transitory districts and growing 
business districts, the stores are usually of lesser number of stories, built 
up to the sidewalk line, and the residences 


78 



are usually relatively small and near the sidewalk. There are often no 1 
trees on these streets, or it can be anticipated that in the near future the 
few remaining ones will be eliminated, as the natural growth of the city 
demands it. Therefore, units of higher mounting height can be installed 
at these points. The aesthetic restriction, however, is one which demands 
that the units be not suspended but above the roofs of the buildings. 
Therefore 22 1 /i> ft. units have been selected for a district of this class. 

Business District Units: In the main business districts, where there 
is no restriction due to forestation or low building heights, the engineer¬ 
ing considerations of minimum investment, best distribution, and min¬ 
imum blinding effects have led to the choice of 30 feet for the mounting 
height of the lamp. 

Choice of Units: In considering the artistic factors in the selec¬ 
tion of the types of units, recognition was given to the rapidly growing 
attitude of the citizenry of this country toward a greater appreciation 
of simple and practical art in connection with civic matters, and to this- 
end the assistance of a committee of three, consisting of Mr. Arrnand 
Koch, Chairman, Mr. Peter Brust and Mr. Max Fernekes, appointed by 
the Milwaukee Section of the American Institute of Architects, was 
obtained, and their hearty, valuable and able co-operation in selecting 
and designing types of units has been utilized in this work. 

While cable suspension types of units are somewhat cheaper than 
post types, their utility is greatest at street intersections, and their 
obtrusiveness less objectionable, and for the reason that no satisfactory- 
looking installation could be produced by utilizing this type of unit at 
intermediate points along the block, since each unit of this kind requires 
two poles, one on each side of the street, together with a suspension 
cable, lowering wires and conducting wires, and an inartistic-looking 
means of supporting the fixture, it was decided to use this type of unit 
only at street 


% 


79 


intersections, and to make the poles supporting the cable which suspends 
the fixtures as small in diameter and simple in construction as would 
serve the purpose, thereby making the units as unobjectionable as is 
feasible. 

Recommendations. 

In the residential districts, at intermediate points along the block, 
it is therefore recommended to install the 15 ft. post type of unit, a 
photograph of the recommended design for which is shown herewith, in 
Fig. 2, the design being the result of the concerted efforts of the above 
Committee and the Engineer’s specialist and organization. Detailed 
drawings also accompany this report in the large binder. 

In the transitory districts, where both business houses and residences 
exist, the 22*4 ft. post unit with single or double bracket arm, similar 
to that shown in accompanying photographs, Figs. 3 and 4, has been 
designed. Detailed drawings of this also accompany the report. 

In the main business districts, a similar high post unit with the 
requisite number of brackets has been designed for use with the lamp 
suspended 30 ft. above the street. 

In parks and public squares, multiple bracket units, similar to 
this, will be used at 45 ft. heights. 

Units of this height, equipped with 2, 3, or 4 brackets, and very few 
in number for the area covered, are used at these points, where unob¬ 
structed open space is the principal characteristic, to obtain a uniform 
illumination of the area almost without the source being noticeable on 
account of its height, and these units simultaneously act as beacons, 
serving to locate these areas from considerable distances. 

The standard heights have been selected as stated before, with 
definite ratios to one another. 


80 


being, respectively, 15 ft., 22y 2 ft., 30 ft., 45 ft., with respective ratios 
of 1, 1 !/>, 2, and 3. The 15 ft. post unit is recommended to be supplied 
with concrete posts, details of which will be discussed later; the 22*4 ft. 
and higher units may be supplied either in concrete or in tubular steel,— 
the preference being given to concrete, if price and mechanical features 
can be secured. The Engineer has already designed and had developed 
the 15 ft. type of concrete post, so that the exact developed design rec¬ 
ommended for Milwaukee is now available at reasonable prices. 

The necessity for the development of special types of units for this 
problem, it is felt, will be apparent to anyone interested enough to read 
the scientific requirements of street lighting units as set forth in the 
accompanying establishment of scientific principles and a comparison of 
the present marketed units with these requirements, together with an 
inspection of the available designs of posts and fixtures offered by manu¬ 
facturers today. 

A tremendous amount of detail work has therefore been done in 
the invention and detailed design of novel types of equipment, which will 
adequately and specifically meet the requirements of the street lighting 
problem in Milwaukee. Details of these designs will be discussed later, 
and complete blueprints accompany this report. The aim of all indi¬ 
viduals connected with this design work was to secure artistic simplicity, 
combined with utilitarianism and good engineering, with due considera¬ 
tion of minimum cost. 

Before leaving this subject, attention should be drawn to the applica¬ 
tion of these units, to the use of street naming signs, illustrated in the 
photographs. It is also contemplated that the translucent glass windows 
at the top of the fixtures can be used for street purposes. For instance, 
since a fixture is hexagonal at the top, the window parallel to the street 
might have the number 1 of the house nearest to which it stood printed 
on it, and the window to the right, say, have a sign, or arrow, pointing 
up ( ) to indicate that the numbers increased in that direction, 

and the one to the left have a sign or arrow pointing down ( ) 

for the opposite purpose, thereby facilitating the location of addresses 
by night or by day. 


81 


Installation Factors. 


The factors going to make np the success of an installation for the 
purposes of street lighting, can be divided into three classes: 

(a) Factors effecting investment 

(b) Factors effecting maintenance 

(c) Factors effecting energy supply 

Factors effecting investment: Since before a street lighting system 
can be installed, material and labor have to be purchased for the different 
parts of the installation, a considerable investment must be made, and 
interest and amortization arrangements be concluded before the system 
is installed ready to operate. This is a financial or banking function, 
which can be assumed by a public utility, the city or an individual, such 
as a contractor. The choice between them being a matter outside of the 
illuminating engineering problem. 'The necessary and ever-present in¬ 
vestment charges, however, must be met, whether assumed by the city 
itself, or arranged for at a profit to the public utility or contractor. 

Factors effecting maintenance: After the system is installed and 
paid for, it must be maintained in a physical operating condition, and 
such matters as lamp renewals, pole painting, repairs, cleaning and 
replacement of glassware, etc., must be paid for and accomplished. This 
again may be done in any of three above ways, depending upon the desire 
and ability of the city. 

Factors effecting energy supply: A street lighting system, even 
after being installed and properly maintained, must, to make it useful, 
be supplied with some sort of energy to produce, the light at the lamp, 
and this energy supply must be reliable, efficient, and of good quality. 
It can, of course, 


82 


be supplied either by the city or by a public utility company, the effect 
as far as illumination of the street is concerned of one source of supply 
or the other being absolutely immaterial for equal quality of energy 
supplied. The decision as to whether to use gas or electricity and the 
willingness or unwillingness of the city to go into the business of manu¬ 
facturing gas, electricity, or both, of course, has a bearing on the source 
of supply. 

Investment Factors. 

Effecting the size of investment, are such factors as the unit, dis¬ 
tribution system, and source of supply of energy, which will now be 
discussed in detail under the various items. 

Units. 

The street lighting unit, as interpreted in this report, will consist 
of the entire equipment from the service connections to the distribution 
system, including everything to, and including the lamp. Under this 
definition will be included, the lamp, the fixture, the post, the lamp trans¬ 
former at the base of the post, and the entire wiring equipment in the 
post. 


Lamps: Two general classes of lamps will be considered for this 
installation, namely those consuming electricity and those consuming gas. 
The advantages and disadvantages of the two classes of lamps will be 
briefly discussed, and a decision obtained as to the adaptability of one 
kind or the other, or both, to certain districts. 

(a) Electric: The electric lamp can be chosen from either of two 
general classifications,—those known as arc lamps and those known as 
incandescent lamps. The different styles or types of arc lamp which 
might be considered available today are of two or three types at least, 
while the type of incan- 


83 


descent, lamp considered available today is possibly confined to the latest 
development only. 

Arc Lamps: 

Advantages: Among the advantages of the arc lamp, which in 
some cases are usable and in other cases are not, are the following: 

(a) High initial efficiency (page 27) 

(b) Easily renewable life by trimming 

Disadvantages: Some of the disadvantages of the arc lamp for 
application to this problem are as follows: 

(a) Too large size for use throughout the city. 

(b) Too small range of sizes for general application, there being 
only one or two sizes available of any given type, and only one 
of most types. 

(c) Undesirable form of light distribution curve, so that the light 
is not efficiently distributed from the lamp. 

(d) Inability to adapt reflectors or other light controlling devices 
to it, and thus correct the faults in the faults in the natural 
light distribution curves. 

(e) Rapidly decreasing service efficiency on account of the effect of 
fumes and deposite in some of the larger sized units with high 
initial efficiency, as is the case with some makes of the present 
flaming arc lamp. 

(f) Comparatively short life before necessity for trimming and 
furnishing with electrodes when compared with renewal of in¬ 
candescent lamp. 

(g) Necessity for trimming at the end of each period of approxi¬ 
mately 200 hours, with inability, in 


84 


some cases, to bring the efficiency of the lamp back to the 
original value. Xot all types of arc lamps have this fault, how¬ 
ever, and the globes on some lamps can be restored to their 
initial efficiency, while on some flame carbon lamps the perma¬ 
nent etching of the inner globe makes it impossible. 

(h) More or less unsteadiness and flickering of the light, due to 
unstability of the arc. 

(i) Greater difficulty in adapting the arc lamp to a design of fixture 
embodying artistic features. 

(j) High cost of fixture, as compared with similar incandescent 
lamp fixtures of equal desirability. 

Types: (a) The old open carbon arc, although in quite general use 
now in Milwaukee, is practically obsolete and out of consideration., 

(b) The enclosed arc lamp for either alternating or direct current 
is also an entirely obsolete type in modern installations in the form now 
used in Milwaukee. 

(c) The Luminous arc, or type of lamp using an electrode com¬ 
posed mainly of magnetite iron ore, is usable only on direct current, which 
requires transformation from alternating current sources by means of 
special mercury are rectifiers or other type of installation. This type is 
available in two sizes, namely 6.6 amperes and 4 amperes, and in general 
has high efficiencies, both initial and in service. 

(d) The flame arc, using carbon electrodes, impregnated with 
special light-giving materials has a very high initial efficiency; is manu¬ 
factured in a size emitting a large volume of light, but in only one size 
practically, namely, 10 amperes; can be made for either a. c. or d. c., 
but the same lamp is not usable on both; but, due to the 


85 


fumes emitted from the electrodes, deposits are made upon the glass 
globes, which in time injures them permanently, thereby decreasing the 
service efficiency to almost one-half its initial efficiency unless the 
measures and apparatus embodied in the design of the apparatus is suc¬ 
cessful in some cases but not in others. This involves the necessity of 
cleaning the globes at the end of each trimming period, and this cannot 
be successfully done, as stated above. 

Size: The arc lamp in its present available sizes is not at all appli¬ 
cable to all the various requirements of a city as set forth above under 
the discussion of Zones or Districts, each arc lamp being usable on any 
one circuit or district in only one size, and where more than one size is 
obtainable, the gradation is not gradual enough to allow of a satisfactory 
choice (page 30). 

•Recommendations: It is therefore recommended that the arc lamp 
should be used in the proposed Milwaukee system. 

Incandescent Lamps: The development of the incandescent lamp 
for street lighting as well as for interior lighting has made wonderful 
advances recently and the Engineering sentiment throughout the country 
now favors the incandescent lamp for street lighting purposes. 

Advantages: 

(a) Availability of this lamp in many sizes, varying by relatively 
small gradations, so that a proper size of lamp can be chosen 
for almost any district or purpose. The lamps can be obtained 
in sizes from the very lowest candle power to as high as 25,000, 
if desired, by innumerable steps,'types in most general use for 
street lighting ranging from 600 lumens (60 C. P.) to 1000 
lumens (1000 C. P.). 


(b) Flexibility of installation due to ability to substitute on size 
of lamp in a given fixture for another, within quite wide range 
of lamp sizes. 

(c) Complete adaptability of the incandescent lamp to reflectors, 
refractors and other light-controlling and reflecting media, mak¬ 
ing it possible to change tbe more or less disadvantageous 
natural light distribution curve to the most efficient, and most 
advantageous form obtainable from any unit. 

(d) Flexibility in the control of the light by tbe possibility of vary¬ 
ing the form of light distribution curve, and therefore, the dis¬ 
tribution of light on the street by adjustment of the lamp posi¬ 
tion in the fixture. 

(e) High initial efficiency. 

(f) Maintained high service efficiency. 

(g) Long life, with prospects of increasing length of life, with 
future developments. 

(h) Comparative ease of adapting the incandescent lamp to a design 
of fixture embodying artistic features. 

(i) No necessity for trimming, and renewal of lamps being re¬ 
quired, in many present installations only once every four to 
five months, and therefore the unit is relatively permanent, 
and reliable for continuation of service. 

(j) Almost perfect steadiness of light when current supply is 
adequate. 

(k) Kelatively low cost of fixture, due to its simplicity. 

(l) The prospect of continual decrease in cost of lamp, as their 
manufacture is more highly standardized. 


37 


Disadvantages: (a;) High cost for renewals, if the lamp does not 
stand up for an average life, but this disadvantage does not 
occur in an average of a complete installation containing many 
lamps, as the life of this lamp is now very satisfactory indeed, 
and is on the increase as stated above. 

(b) Necessity for cleaning the light-controlling glassware, although 
this does not have to be done nearly as often as an arc lamp 
must be trimmed, and is very easily accomplished, as there are 
no deposits from the incandescent lamps onto the glassware. 

(c) Comparative fragility, though present lamps are quite rugged. 

Types: The incandescent lamp is obtainable on the market at the 
present time in the following forms, any of which are adaptable, but only 
one of which is really to be considered as a modern type of street lamp: 

(a) Vacuum type. The incandescent lamp is made up in glass 
bulbs from which the last trace of air has been extracted and a vacuum 
created, and in this vacuum two styles of filaments are burned, those 
composed of carbon and those composed of tungsten. At the present 
time the carbon filament is practically obsolete for street lighting pur¬ 
poses, and the tungsten filament in a vacuum is also rapidly disappearing 
for this purpose. 

(b) Gas-filled type. The latest development in the incandescent 
lamp is that using the glass bulb as above, but after the extraction of 
the air, filling the bulb with an inert gas and burning the tungsten 
filament in this inert gas. By this means and the arrangement of the 
filament in a concentrated form, a very brilliant, practically point source 
of illumination of high 


88 


efficiency, entire steadiness, long life, and quite permanent values, can 
be obtained. The inert gas most widely used at the present time in these 
incandescent lamp bulbs is nitrogen, but argon, mercury vapor and other 
gases are being experimented upon and a new and more efficient type 
of lamp, is practically ready for the market at the present time. 

Sizes: A very wide range of lamp sizes can be obtained in the 
incandescent type, as stated above, which gives entire flexibility to any 
incandescent street lighting system (page 30). 


Recommendations:— 

(ai) Idle electric incandescent type of lamp, in the form known as 
“gas-filled” tungsten type, is therefore highly recommended for the entire 
installation in the proposed Milwaukee system; the sizes and types of 
fixtures to be installed to fit the particular locations. 

(b) Gas: While there are available both open flame gas lamps, 
and mantel gas lamps, on account of the inefficiency of the open flame 
lamp, none but the mantel type of gas lamp will be considered. 

Advantages: (a) Since a gas system can scarcely be expected to 

fail as a whole, except in dire emergencies, gas lamp outages are 
encountered as individual cases only; the whole system or any 
large portion of it never being out at any one time, which is 
not, under the past methods of construction and operation, true 
of an electric system. 

(b) The gas lamp would have considerable advantage if used in 
combination with the electric system, on account of the double 
insurance as to continuity of service accruing from the use of 
the two systems. 

(c) Almost the same ability to reflect and refract the light, as in the 
incandescent electric lamps, thus securing the same type of light 
distribution curve as is obtained for the incandescent electric 
lamp, and making it possible, therefore, to distribute the light 
with equal advantage on the street. 


89 


(d) The new type of mantel has relatively high light-giving 
efficiency initially. 

(e) The life of a mantel when it is well maintained is relatively 
long, although as most often maintained the candle power de¬ 
creases very rapidly, but the cost of the renewable part of the 
equipment, namely, the mantel, is relatively low. 

(f) Comparative ease in adapting the gas lamp to a design of fixture 
embodying artistic features. 

The gas mantel lamp has therefore several important advantages for 
street lighting service, but Inis on the other hand two important disad¬ 
vantages. namely, lack of large size, and infeasibility of feeding the gas 
up high posts. 

Disadvantages: The gas lamp, as at present on the market and in 
general use especially, has some disadvantages, such as 

(a) Comparatively small range of sizes especially lacking in the 
large sizes, although there is a possibility of developing various 
sizes, or of using two or more mantels in combination, which, 
however, does not lead to greatest flexibility, nor adapt itself to 
scientific designs of reflectors. 

(b) The gas cannot be fed to the higher post units or to the suspen¬ 
sion cable units with any degree of practicality, it only being 
applicable to the 15 ft. post type of unit, or at the most to the 
22i/o ft. post type. 

(c) Dropping off in light-giving power and efficiency of the mantel 
requiring comparatively frequent renewal in the mantel in order 
to keep up to the approximate candle power (initial). 

(fT) Absence of methods of automatically turning on and off lamps 
in groups or in toto. The prevailing method being to light 
individual lights by hand. 

(e) Fragility of the mantel. 


90 


Type: Among the older types of gas lamps available have alreadx 
been mentioned the open flame type and the present mantel type, single 
or in combination. These present types of gas lamps, however, are not 
to be recommended in comparison with the best types of incamh cent 
lamps discussed above, and therefore the gas lamp in its present form 
would not be recommended for the proposed Milwaukee system. How¬ 
ever, the Engineer has seen the possibilities of the gas lamp from this 
viewpoint, if a unit were designed on sound engineering ba-es. and, in 
co-operation with manufacturers and gas utilities, has been able to have 
developed a gas unit of the mantel type, involving a newly designed 
burner and mantel, and adapted to the regular recommended residence 
district low-post type of electric unit; the only substitution necessary 
being the burner and mantel, in place of the socket and electric lamp, 
and the substitution of gas in the pipes instead of electric wires. The 
same light-controlling glassware, etc., will be used, and the unit will give 
equal service as far as illumination of the street is concerned, with the 
electric unit of equivalent hze. This makes it possible for the city to 
obtain equitable competition on both gas and electric units of this char¬ 
acter for the residence portions of the city, and to enjoy the flexibility of 
being able to substitute gas for electricity or electricity for gas, in these 
units without any large expenditure for change. 

Size: While.for range of sizes in the gas mantel type of lamp is 
not very wide, the size developed for this installation, consuming 4 cu. ft. 
of gas per hour and delivering initially 1100 lumens, h a completely 
satisfactory substitute in the residence district low-post type unit for the 
1000 lumen electric unit, and in this particular case especially, it has 
approximately the same average light-giving power throughout the life 
of the unit, as the above electric lamp in the same unit. This gas lamp 
could also probably be used at many points in the 22 1 /> ft. transitory 
district units if proper prices were obtainable for gas and the gas utility 


91 


cared to develop a burner of satisfactory size for this service. 

Recommendations. 

It is therefore recommended that gas lamps of the new type especially 
developed in connection with this survey, in the size initially generating 
1100 lumens, or slightly greater, be accepted for use in the 15 ft. post type 
units in preference to electric lamps generating 1000 lumens if lower 
prices can be obtained for the gas units. 



92 


Light Controlling Equipment. 


Having selected, according to the above deductions, the incandescent 
electric lamps and the mantel gas lamps as the only two types suitable 
for the proposed Milwaukee system, the next step was to select the proper 
and best light-reflecting or directing equipment to most efficiently and 
satisfactorily distribute the light on the street surface. Having decided 
according to the arguments set forth on pages 15, 17, etc., that the best 
method of illumination of the streets was the one which distributes the 
light practically uniformly along the street surface, in order to obtain, 
ultimately, discernment by Illumination Effect, it was necessary to com¬ 
pare the prototype curves for uniform illumination for any given spacing 
of imits, with the light distribution curves obtainable by means of the 
commercial reflectors available on the market,—in other words, to select 
the commercial reflectors which gives nearest to the prototype results. 
It was soon found that there was but one type of light controlling equip¬ 
ment which in any way adequately met the requirements. 

The type of equipment referred to is not a reflector controlling the 
light of reflection but a refractor, made entirely of clear crystal prismatic 
glass, controlling the light by refraction through prisms. It is bowl¬ 
shaped, and entirely encloses the lamp when in the fixtures, all of the 
light which leaves the unit passing through the refractor. It is composed 
of two pieces of glassware, one with prisms on the outside and one with 
prisms on the inside and placed inside one another in a dust-proof manner 
so that the smooth glass side of one forms the outside and the smooth 
glass surface of the other forms the inside of the equipment. It is there¬ 
fore easily cleaned, because the exposed surfaces are smooth. It is strong 
and heavy. 


93 


At the beginning of this survey, there had shortly before been placed 
on the market two sizes of this type of refractor, and on investigation it 
was found that the smaller one of these could not be used for this problem, 
and that the larger one, measuring approximately eight inches across the 
top, met only part of the requirements. In co'-operation with the City, 
the manufacturer and the gas utility companies, therefore, the Engineer 
was able to have developed a larger size, measuring approximately eleven 
inches across the top, which will take the larger sizes of incandescent elec¬ 
tric lamps; and is especially designed to take the gas lamp recommended 
above; meets the artistic requirements of the problem on account of its 
increased size and its shape and meets the engineering requirements not 
met by the eight-inch size. 

Several samples of this new refractor have been made and tested. 
With these two sizes available, all the varying conditions of spacing 
heights and other considerations can be satisfactorily met. The curves 
of light distribution from a unit equipped with an electric incandescent 
or gas lamp and this refractor, more nearly approximate the prototype 
curves than those of any other unit, and these curves can be conveniently 
varied so as to throw the maximum ray out farther from the base of the 
unit (Figs. 5, 6 and 7) by merely lowering the lamp slightly farther into 
the refractor, thereby being able to direct the light where desired, 
especially when installed in a fixture having adjusting features such as 
that developed for Milwaukee and described below. 

The size of refractor first mentioned as usable, namely eight inches, 
is known on the market as Holophane refractor No. 4438, and the eleven- 
inch size developed for Milwaukee will be known as Holophane refractor 
No. 4430. 


94 


Recommendations. 


It is recommended that all units, whether gas or electric, installed in 
the proposed street lighting system be equipped with either Holoplianc 
refractor No. 4438 or Holophane refractor No. 4430, according to the 
type of unit, and as indicated on the accompanying drawings of the recom¬ 
mended units. 

Fixtures:— 

The engineering requirements as to height above the street, the 
limitations of the physical size of the refractor and lamp, and the require- 
> ments to be met by the artistic considerations controlled by the different 
characteristics and uses of the street, as well as the entire absence on the 
market of fixtures to adequately meet the requirements established by the 
best practice, as already outlined, made it necessary and desirable to devise 
and design different types of fixtures for the different districts, streets, 
etc., and therefore the fixtures shown in the accompanying blueprints 
and photographic illustrations,.are the results of valuable work done by 
the Committee of Architects from the artistic side and novel and desir¬ 
able engineering and mechanical features devised as a part of this survey, 
some of which are protected by patents for the City of Milwaukee. 

Some of these novel features may be mentioned : A system of venti¬ 
lation of the lamp base and socket and supplying air to the gas lamp; 
adjustable parts to raise and lower the lamp in the refractor to vary 
control of light; artistic design, combination bug screen and reflector, etc. 

The accompanying blue prints show, in part, the amount of detailed 
design work which has been done and the patterns for most of these units 
are being constructed at this time at manufacturing plants which have 
co-operated in their development, so that they can be secured at minimum 
delay. 


Residence District Type: The type of fixture designed for use in 
the residence districts is shown photographically in Fig. 1 and its mechan¬ 
ical details on drawings Nos. 

This is designed for use on a curb post unit, 15 ft. high from ground 
to center of filament, and is recommended to be used throughout the 
residence district, except at street intersections, as explained below, ft 
is also recommended for use in the parks, on the boulevards; on certain 
thoroughfares, and at other places where such a unit at low mounting 
height is necessary. 

Another type of residence district fixture designed to be used, how¬ 
ever, only at street intersections, for reasons already cited, is to be used 
with the cable suspension unit, which unit consists of two tubular steel 
poles placed diagonally across the intersection; a steel messenger sus¬ 
pension wire; the design of fixture to be suspended in the center of this 
messenger, shown in Drawing No. and the necessary raising and 
lowering and conducting cables, as indicated on Drawing No. 
Special designs of all these features of the equipment have been made for 
this specific problem. 

Transitory District Type: In the transitory district, the type of 
fixture designed for use on the 2 2^ ft. mounting height curb post unit 
is indicated photographically in Figs. 3 and 4, and the detailed drawings 
are shown on Drawings Nos. 

The Business District Type: For the business district a fixture 
suitable for mounting on the 30 ft. curb post unit has been designed, and 
the general appearance is shown on Figs. 3 and 4, with the mechanical 
details shown on Drawings Nos. , . This same fixture is suitable 

for use on 45 ft. high units, in public squares or in parks. 


96 


Either of the designs made for mounting on the 2 2^2 ft. post or the 
higher ones, can be used in connection with one or more brackets on the 
post, as may be desirable for artistic reasons. Practically equivalent 
engineering results can be obtained from the unit by proper adjustment 
of lamps and the lamp size and equipment, whether it is decided to have 
one bracket per unit or some other number. 

Recommendations:— 

It is recommended that fixtures of the types just described and illus¬ 
trated be used in their respective districts and according to the locations 
shown on maps accompanying this report. 

Gas Burner:— 

In order to adapt the newly developed gas mantel lamp to the design 
of fixtures just described to be used at 15 ft. mounting heights, and to 
the large size special refractor designed to take a gas lamp, it was neces¬ 
sary that a proper gas burner be developed to fit the proposed fixtures and 
to get proper illuminating results and efficiency from the mantel when 
operating within this fixture and using the Holophane refractor No. 4430 
developed for Milwaukee. This development has been accomplished by 
the Welsbach Street Lighting Company of America and the Milwaukee 
Gas Light Company, in co-operation with the Engineer, and the unit has 
been operating under test for some weeks past, giving full satisfaction, 
giving better results than have ever heretofore been obtained from a gas 
unit, according to reports. A large amount of detail development work 
has been necessary and has been satisfactorily accomplished, in order to 
make available the above described fixtures and appurtenances, in order 
that the proposed Milwaukee system may have the most advanced type 
of efficient equipment. 

Posts:— 

The proper height at which to mount the lamp having been deter¬ 
mined, and the design of 


fixtures necessary to hold the electric or gas lamp and refractors in proper 
relation to each other having been designed, it was then necessary to 
design the proper post for 15 ft., 2 2 ft ft., 30 ft., 45 ft. mounting heights, 
and the corner suspension poles, to act as suitable supports for these 
fixtures at the respective heights. These were designed as already set 
forth, the main factor being borne in mind,—that it is desirable to mount 
a lamp as high as it is feasible under the engineering, financial and 
artistic limitations set by the conditions of the problem. 

The high mounting heights are desirable if the economy of minimum 
glare is to be secured, this factor being discussed at considerable length 
on pages 56, 59, 61, and in Chapter II. The forestation is the greatest 
limiting condition which makes it necessary in forested streets to keep 
below the trees, and therefore 15 ft. and 22 1 /> ft- maxima have been 
selected for the curb post units and center suspension units, respectively, 
on these streets. 

The 22y 2 ft. post height was selected for the transitory district ; the 
30 ft. height for the business district, and the 45 ft. height for special 
park and public square lighting, where unobstructed open space is the 
prevailing characteristic. 

In the design of the residence type of post unit, the Architectural 
Committee has again been helpful in combining the engineering features 
with artistic simplicity, the result being a reasonably priced, effective 
concrete post, which, through the co-operation of a manufacturer, is prac¬ 
tically ready for delivery, because the manufacturer has constructed the 
necessary iron mold for making this design of post. Samples can there¬ 
fore be obtained without delav. 

The post for the taller units, shown in the accompanying figures, 
have been designed for 


98 


construction from two kinds of material, namely, tubular steel and 
concrete. 

Accompanying the illustrations are also detail drawings of these 
designs, giving their proportion and dimensions. It is hoped that from 
the adoption of these posts and fixture designs, an ordinance can be 
passed requiring that no street lighting posts, whether installed or owned 
by private individuals, or the city, except the standard design, can be 
placed upon the streets of Milwaukee, thus standardizing the units 
throughout the city, and avoiding the conglomeration of designs—mostly 
very inartistic and inefficient from an engineering viewpoint—placed on 
the street, according to the whim of an individual or group of individuals, 
to be abandoned later, when the novelty has worn off, or allowed to stand 
unlighted on account of excessive expense. It is hoped that, through an 
ordinance of this kind, the combined co-operation of the merchants and 
the City can secure, through a division of the burden of expense in some 
manner, a combination street lighting and advertising result which will 
be creditable. Ordinances of this kind are in force in other cities. 

Recommendations:— 

It is recommended that the 15 ft. post be made of the design shown 
and only in concrete, as this material is coming more and more largely 
into use; makes a perfectly formed shaft of any design required; is 
practically without deterioration when exposed to weather conditions; 
is decreasing in price, as the manufacturing details become better under¬ 
stood, instead of increasing, like wood; presents the best appearance of 
any material when properly designed and moulded, and with necessary 
reinforcements is practically indestructible and will not snap off and 
fall to the street when receiving a heavy blow. 

Again, the recommendations for the taller posts would be in favor 
of concrete of the design shown, if satisfactory mechanical strength and 
constructional details can be worked out at reasonable 


99 


prices, but thus far, these arrangements have not been entirely com¬ 
pleted. The tubular steel design shown is simple and artistic, and can 
be easily constructed as designed. 

Lamp Transformers:— 

It is proposed that the lamp transformer, the use for which will be 
explained in the discussion of the distribution system, be included as a 
part of the street lighting unit, since it is proposed to bury this trans¬ 
former in the ground at the base of the pole, or in a cavity in the foun¬ 
dation. making it a part of the complete unit. 

These transformers are thoroughly insulated to stand 20,000 volts 
or over, and are as dependable in this respect as the cable, which is also 
buried in the ground, and it is therefore intended to place them in iron 
or other type of cases, thoroughly impregnate them with insulating com¬ 
pound, filling the entire case with this compound, and placing the case 
containing the transformer under the ground at the base of the pole, 
surrounding it with necessary concrete after thoroughly protecting the 
case against corrosion. In the remote emergency that trouble might occur 
on these transformers, they can be excavated and replaced and repaired, 
in a manner similar to the method of repairing cable. See Drawing No. 

. Also for overhead lamp transformers. 

Recommendations:— 


It is therefore recommended that lamp transformers of the type 
shown, known as series-multiple, be used and placed underground when 
at the unit. 

Post Wiring:—• 

Since the above described lamp transformers reduce the current from 
relatively high voltage to the voltage of the lamp or lamp circuit, which 
never exceeds 50 volts, considerable economy can be obtained and a much 
easier method of wiring 

o 


100 


the post devised, by the use of this transformer, and there will thus be 
no high voltage applied to the unit itself and no danger will therefore 
be present to the citizenry or to the workmen delegated by the city to 
renew lamps, clean the equipment or repair parts. Tt is therefoTe pro¬ 
posed to run from the secondary terminals of these lamp transformers, 
an unarmored, lead-covered, rubber-insulated, No. 10 duplex wire, 
through the pipe running through the center of the post, and connect this 
wire directly to the socket inside the fixture, thus making a simple and 
complete connection from the transformer to the lamp. Of course, in the 
case of gas units, the above described transformer and the wiring just 
referred to will be entirely eliminated. 

The wiring of the cable suspension type of unit will be somewhat 
different in detail where raised and lowered, as indicated on Drawing 
No. . 


101 


Spacing and 

Locating 

Units. 


Having decided, on the proper type of lamps, fixtures and posts, with 
wiring and transformer equipment, the next function was to locate the 
proper types of units on the streets of the particular districts for which 
they are suitable as stated earlier in this discussion, the spacing of any 
particular type of unit of a particular height is entirely dependent upon 
definite mathematical relations between the spacing distance and the 
mounting height for a given degree of uniformity of illumination along 
the street. In other words, there is a definite ratio which in this discus¬ 
sion is signified by the letter M between the spacing distance between 
units and the mounting height of the lamp above the street for any- 
given type of light distribution curve and any given degree of uniform¬ 
ity striven for. Having determined the type of unit to he placed along 
any block, which is governed almost entirely by the class of district or 
zone to which the block belongs, the units are first theoretically located 
on maps prepared for the purpose by dividing the block into as nearly 
theoretical parts as its length will allow. The ideal conditions to ulti¬ 
mately be obtained by this spacing is, as has been discussed on pages lb 
and 17, and pages 33, 44, 45 and 49, one of practically uniform illumin¬ 
ation along the entire street surface, and the spacing has been arranged 
with this ultimate idea in view. For any given value of M or ratio 
between the spacing distance and the mounting height, it of course is 
apparent that the higher units will fall at greater distances apart and 
the lower units at closer distances. For example a 15 ft. unit 8 times 
the mounting height apart (ratio m-8) will be spaced 120 feet apart, 
while a 30 ft. unit spaced 8 times the mounting height apart (with same 
ratio M-8) will be spaced 240 ft. apart for equivalent results from the 
standpoint of uniformity. 

After the theoretical spacings have been laid off on the maps thus 
locating the units in their ideal position it was necessary to check these 
locations on the street and to adjust them according to best engineering 
so as to avoid such physical interferences as driveways, walks, poles, etc., 
and to make a practical lay-out as near the ideal as feasible. 

In connection with this adjustment, due consideration was given to 
tlie placing of the units 


102 


Service 

Connections. 


on lot lines between houses in order to take full advantage of the 
light emitted toward the houses and lots, which light would other¬ 
wise he objectionable or wasted, in obtaining police protection by 
illuminating the space between the houses. It was here, too. that 
considerable attention was given to the lighting of the alleys since the 
unit can be placed at the head of the alleys so that the light will be 
thrown down the alley instead of ou the fronts of the houses and build¬ 
ings. Map Nos. and gives the number of units of each type 
used throughout the city and their approximate location both in the 
proposed minimum present installation and the ultimate system proposed. 
These maps give in detail the type of unit to be used on a given street in 
any given district, the number of units per block; the side of street; 
approximate location and in which one of the four progressive steps 
it is recommended the unit be included. 

The larger scale sectional maps in the Street Lighting Atlas binder 
gives detailed information more accurately and more graphically with 
other details as explained in the accompanying keys. These we hope will 
form a street lighting atlas for Milwaukee by which the City may 
proceed at any rate of speed which the city may attempt with a complete 
guide before it as to future steps knowing that each step is in the 
direction of an ultimate system which will adequately light the streets of 
Milwaukee for many years, regardless of the probable advance of the 
science of street lighting. The proposed system will be far enough in 
advance of present day practice to secure this result. 

Recommendations, 

It is recommended that units be installed at the locations and of the 
number of units shown in the Street Lighting Atlas as many steps be 
taken initially as the City can possibly afford, the minimum number of 
steps to be set at two in order to obtain results which will at all ju-tify 
this survey. 

With the complete unit, whether gas or electric, installed, the next 
step would be to connect by means of service connections through the 
distribution system, whether gas or electric. It would make no difference 
at this point whether current or gas were furnished by municipal or 
private concerns, since the units described above are complete in them¬ 
selves, ready to take either gas or electric connections according to the 
methods described below. If the unit is to be fed electrically, the cable 


103 


Distribution 

System. 


conducting tlio current up to this point can be connected directly on to 
the prepared water-tight ferrule of the lamp transformer designed for 
this purpose, the only restriction being that the proper type of amperage 
and voltage be supplied at the connections. Provisions are made to pro¬ 
vide for water-tight connections with the lead sheath on the cable, and 
for so connecting through the sheath as to minimize the effect of electro¬ 
lysis. The electrical terminals are easily arranged within the trans¬ 
former case for the electrical connection. The outlets from the post 
are so arranged in the higher posts that the electric wires to and from 
the transformer can be most conveniently connected up. In the lower 
posts where either gas or electricity may be used, as the drawing of the 
posts will indicate, there is a double outlet—one at the side of the post 
leaving the post foundation at about 18 inches below ground where the 
electric transformer and service connections to it can be conveniently 
installed and made and one at the extreme bottom of the post which, on 
account of the effect of frost on the gas, is to be used in preference as 
the inlet of the gas service. Whichever one of these outlets is used, the 
other will, of course, be properly sealed and protected. 

The usual type of distribution system employed up to the present 
time has been one of the several forms of high voltage constant current, 
separate and distinct street lighting distribution systems which requires 
a different type of apparatus at the station from that used for generating 
and distributing current for the domestic use or industrial use, and which 
is idle during all the daylight hours of the year; involves additional 
investment, comes the burden of unused capital; requires additional 
attention and loses the value of load and diversity factors in many cases. 
Separate feed wires are in these cases required to be run from the station 
to the street lighting circuits covering the district to be lighted and these 
wires or cables occupy room in the ducts or on the cross-arms of the 
overhead lines. 

In many cases, and in fact usually, when a district is ready to receive 
attention of the city for street lighting, it means that residences have 
been built in this district and probably domestic electric service has been 
run into the locality and is available. The usual street lighting service, 
however, is often not available, and if the district is added to the present 
lines it may mean considerable rearrangement of circuits and new appa¬ 
ratus. 


104 


The present system is also almost always of a dangerously high volt¬ 
age requiring expenditures for film cut-outs, cutout pulleys, highly 
insulated cables in the poles or posts, and involves the accompanying 
dangers to the lives of our citizenry as well as the trimmers and attend¬ 
ants, and the accompanying troubles accruing from high voltage. It is 
believed that all of the objections to the present type of system can be 
overcome by treating the street lighting load more logically and assuming 
the conditions to be similar to those governing domestic or industrial 
service, certain where a given load is attached to the 'regular service line. 

The type of distribution system devised and recommended for Mil¬ 
waukee by the Engineer is, therefore, founded on this idea and conse¬ 
quently departs radically from the present type. A sketch showing the 
typical layout of the circuits and the general typical arrangement of 
apparatus is given in Drawing No. . This drawing is practically 
self-explanatory, but a short summary description had best be given. 

An} 1 - sources of alternating current primary lines which enter the 
districts to be lighted, can serve as feeders for this system. These circuits 
will be known in this report as the “primary circuit.” They can orig¬ 
inate in a public utility company’s plant, or in a municipally owned 
power plant, the only restriction being that it transmit alternating 
current so that transformers may be designed to operate on it. This is 
the almost universally used type of current for the greater part of the 
city. These primary circuits should be carried to the points of service 
delivery which is recommended to be in each ease on separate poles 
distinct from the rest of the lines and located in an alley at the most con¬ 
venient point in the district for cutting into the street lighting circuit. 

On this pole will be placed primary and secondary line lightning 
arresters for protecting the apparatus one or more multiple-multiple type 
transformers hereafter called the “primary transformers,” having various 
taps on its secondary to take care of the varying number of lights in the 
district; an electrically controlled pole type oil circuit breaker for auto¬ 
matically cutting out the transformer in case of trouble, and for turning 
on and off the lights in the district by means of a time switch mentioned 
later. The time switch and oil switch may be combined in one apparatus 
and this development is under process. 


105 


To avoid the necessity of an operator turning on and off the circuit, 
and to make them absolutely positive in their operation, a time switch 
which has been developed to a thoroughly dependable point has been 
selected which will turn on the lights at a given time at any night, and 
turn them off at a given time in the morning, and will automatically 
accomplish this, practically indefinitely, with a slight inspection period¬ 
ically, as it is electrically wound and therefore needs no hand winding. 
This time-switch winding motor, requiring but a few watts, will be fed 
from a 110 volt source, which may be from the secondary house service 
line of the district or may be supplied by a separate watt transformer 
if necessary. In order to get the correct and accurate measurements of 
energy supplied to the street lighting system, a watt-hour meter may 
also be included in this equipment, preferably owned by the City, the 
necessary current and potential transformers being placed at the top of 
the pole and the watt-hour meter and time switch being placed at the 
bottom of the pole in a metal cabinet, locked but conveniently arranged 
for inspection and reading without the necessity of climbing the poles. 

This equipment will transform the ordinary primary circuit current to 
that required for street lighting, will turn the lights on and off at pre¬ 
determined times, measure the energy supplied to the street lighting 
system, and protect the transformer and apparatus from overload and 
lightning. 


From the secondary of the primary transformers will be run a series 
circuit, consisting of a single wire loop run on poles overhead in the 
alley, but using mainly single conductor lead covered steel taped cable 
buried under the sod in parkways, under the blocks in block paving, or 
under the asphalt or macadam in these or in similar pavings. This 
circuit will hereafter be called the “secondary circuit,” and should be 
run complete as recommended for the ultimate system so that at any 
time additional lights can be connected at the points indicated on the map. 


On this secondary circuit no lamps will be connected directly, and 
in some cases, an additional circuit may be run by the installation of 
a transformer known as a series-series transformer and hereafter called 
a “secondary transformer,” which will receive a circuit running to the 
lamp location and connected to the “lamp transformer.” This circuit 
will be called hereafter the “tertiary circuit.” 


The lamp transformers or “tertiary transformers” 
directly to the secondary circuits as shown in the di 
tertiary circuit, according to the 


may be connected 
agram, or to the 


ior> 


conditions. These lamp transformers feed the “lamp or quatenary cir¬ 
cuits” through the series multiple transformers already referred to as 
lamp or tertiary transformers. 

It will be noticed by an inspection of the diagram that relatively low 
voltage cables can be used in most of the installation and that only 
medium voltage will be necessary at any point. As before stated, in the 
post and lamp itself, the voltage is practically negligible, and no danger 
from troubles or accidents can be encountered. 

By the use of this scheme many advantages are gained, such as 
saving in the installation of ducts, saving due to low cable cost; due to 
inexpensive wiring at the post, elimination of film cut-outs, windlasses, 
pulleys, cut-out pulleys, high voltage at poles and elsewhere, etc., and 
these results can be accomplished by the installation of inexpensive . mall 
transformers reducing the voltage to a point where there will be less 
maintenance troubles and greater safety. 

While in the above typical lay-outs, lead covered steel taped cable 
carried without ducts, is recommended, especially if the recommendations 
which follow regarding ownership of the system are adopted, full consid¬ 
eration has been given to the fact that in many districts in the city, 
public utility ducts with cables at present exist, and also certain conduit 
systems of the city’s fire and police departments which could be used 
for this purpose. It is believed it will be apparent after a full perusal 
of this report, as it. has become convincing to the Engineer, that it 
would be. to the best interests of the city to lay out the new system 
in a manner which does not. consider the existing systems as governing 
factors. The city might make arrangements to rent or buy duct space 
in existing public utility conduit or to carry them in their present police 
and fire alarm conduits, provided suitable arrangements could be made 
for eliminating any interference from the street lighting system with the 
vital service of those two departments. If the present underground con¬ 
duits are used, the many laterals and manholes or handholes are required 
to make connections to them, all of which involve expensive construction, 
makes the decision in favor of the above proposed distribution system 
seem the wisest. 

Another factor entering into this situation is the fact that there are 
present and operating in the city more than one public utility company 
besides the possibility of a municipally owned power plant and system. 
Tf the recommended system of street lighting was based on the use of 


107 


the ducts cables and lines of only one of these companies, the city would 
be deprived of the benefits of a choice between the various sources of 
energy according to price advantages which might develop; due to what 
would seem to be an unfair advantage given the company, owning the 
only available system. If a sufficiently low price is obtained from another 
utility company, it may be profitable for the city to then also construct 
the primary circuits itself. 

The primary circuits would also depend for their size and character 
somewhat upon the number of units decided to be fed by gas. 

Two different plans of running these secondary circuits were 
designed, one indicating where present ducts, cables and lines would be 
used, and one eliminating the use of the present systems. These plans 
are shown on Maps E, and D respectively. 

It is proposed to run over-head wires in the alleys only, and not to 
increase the number of poles and wires on the streets, which is more and 
more coming to be recognized as a menace, but instead to install the 
flexible buried cable system, described above, which is the cheapest, yet 
most effective, type of underground system for this purpose, as is ex¬ 
emplified by the use of millions of feet of it in various other cities, such 
as Chicago. 

As to the legal features involved, in the compulsory use, purchase 
or rental of such public utility ducts, the Engineer has not considered 
this within the scope of his investigation, and at best it is believed it 
would mean long delays and entanglement with doubtful financial re¬ 
turns in the end. 


108 


A fair basis for proporting the charges for the combined use of ducts, 
cables or pole lines between the parties or departments making use of 
them is very far from standardized even amongst experts, and in Wiscon¬ 
sin it has been the practice of the Commission to allow liberally for rental 
or proportionate charges of this character. 

Recommendations. 

The proposed system distinct from the present system, therefore, 
described above and illustrated in the accompanying Map D. is one 
which is recommended for the proposed Milwaukee street lighting system, 
and the city has been surveyed and circuits laid out with this system in 
view. In this system, the taps on the primary transformers provide for 
an adjustment in the number of lamps; the operation of turning off and 
on of lights by circuits or groups of circuits is accomplished by the time 
switch arrangement; current is accurately measured by approved watt- 
hour meters; and the secondary and lamp transformers take care of the 
regulation of the circuit and lamps and isolate outages of single lamps or 
groups, thus increasing the reliability of service. 

Distribution Circuits. 

Having decided on the type of distribution system to be used, the 
next problem was to apply this to the districts or zones referred to earlier, 
and to lav out the circuits in the most economical manner so as to con- 

V 

nect up and include all the lamps in any given district. For this purpose 
it was deemed most practical and desirable to divide the city into definite 
unit areas of approximately the same size and selecting a point near the 
center of this area consider that the primary circuit is available at this 
point, which in practically all cases, as far as the publicity utility com¬ 
panies are concerned, is true; set the pole containing the described appara¬ 
tus at this point and run a secondary circuit so as to be available for all 
ultimately required units; then lay out the tertiary circuits and lamp 
circuits required for each step so that a system plan results which will 
have a present lay out of secondary circuits to take care of the ultimate 
number of lamps by the mere banking of primary transformers and cut¬ 
ting in of additional secondary and lamp transformers, as units may be 
added. See Drawing No. 


109 


Maintenance 
of Distribu¬ 
tion System. 


Costs can be calculated for the various steps proposed. These costs 
given in a separate section of this report. This makes a simple, complete, 
and comprehensive scheme which can be added to from time to time. 

The connected killowatt load of each of these circuits is calculated 
and given so that these data are available to the City for future plans or 
to the utilities for rate making. Flexibility as to the capacity on each 
circuit is secured by banking or cascading transformers and by the ad¬ 
justable taps proposed on the primary transformers. 

Recommendation. 

The above plan. Drawing No. is recommended because it makes 
a permanent and effective distribution system, independent of power sta¬ 
tion apparatus or conditions, the nucleus of which is permanent and the 
growth and progress of which is logical and practical. The alternate 
plan. Drawing No. could only be considered if liberal arrangements 
for purchase of present ducts without delay could be accomplished. 

Maintenance Factors. 

The cost of maintenance of the system as proposed in this report 
should be a minimum for the following reasons: 

The distribution system is composed of material well standardized 
and of greatest durability and dependability, although the collective use 
of the various materials and the way in which they are adapted to the 
system is quite novel, almost all of the apparatus used is not in an experi¬ 
mental stage of development. For instance, the primary transformers 
are standard types of transformers in use for many years for this and 
other purposes. The lightning arresters oil switches, time switches, watt- 
hour meters, secondary and lamp transformers, hurried cable and over¬ 
head construction; prismatic glass used in the refractors; type of incan¬ 
descent lamp; concrete for 


I 


110 


posts, tubular steel for posts, and the various other principal portions of 
the installation have individually shown their reliability and durability 
in use. The novelty of the scheme is in the arrangement of the apparatus 
and since this arrangement all tends towards simplicity and low voltage 
with high factors of safety, once the system is installed, its maintenance 
cost will be low. 

It is the earnest belief of the Engineer that the plan and procedure 
recommended in this report is merely an advance interpretation of the 
trend of the present revolution of the science of street lighting which is 
already afoot,—an interpretation of the “hand writing on the wall” per¬ 
haps, but is a thoroughly practical culmination of the many years of 
development and standardization in this field, which Milwaukee is in 
the unique position of being able to adopt more completely than any 
other city, since most other cities have only been able to adopt isolated 
portions. 

It will, however, be necessary to periodically renew the lamps when 
burned out, replacing them by new ones. A system should also be in¬ 
augurated which will periodically take care of the cleaning of the refrac¬ 
tors; a matter easily accomplished because of the smooth glass surfaces 
which have to be cleaned. This should be done about once a month. 
Whatever repairs, pole painting, etc., are necessary will also have to be 
taken care of by the maintenance crew. 


Ill 


Recommendations. 


.Lump 

Renewals. 


Ontnges. 


It is recommended that the renewal of the lamps and the cleaning 
of the refractors he accomplished from a truck or wagon having an exten¬ 
sible tower or platform from which to work, similar to that used in repair¬ 
ing electric railway trolleys. This is thoroughly feasible on all streets 
having good pavement, that is, at least the business districts transitory 
districts thoroughfares, parks, etc., and it is recommended in the streets 
where pavement has not yet been installed or where the snow may lie long 
enough to prevent the operation of such an equipment that the cable sus¬ 
pension units be lowered bv mieans of a certain arrangement of combined 
lowering cable and conducting cable, indicated in the schematic diagram 
of the typical arrangement of circuits. By this plan it is believed, the 
lamp renewals and refractor cleaning costs can be minimized, especially 
if the proposed equipment can also be used in connection with other 
routine labors such as those of the police and fire alarm departments, and 
those or other departments of the City can be used co-operatively for this 
and similar work. 

The decision to not lower the lamps or fixtures on the 22 1 /? ft. and 
30 ft. posts units was reached after considerable study and investigation 
of the possible means of lowering these lamps and after complete design 
study had been made of the mechanical features involved for the purpose 
of lowering them, such schemes being worked out in detail to see the effect 
they would have on the strength and practicability of the unit as well 
as the cost and electrical operation. It was decided from this study and 
investigation and from the troubles being encountered in other cities from 
the necessary parts to accomplish this, that it was far more feasible to get 
at the units from a tower wagon as proposed especially as the elimination 
of this apparatus from the inside or outside of the post made it possible 
to produce and design units of the simplest, cheapest and most stable 
character. The tower wagon is being used for this purpose in Chicago for 
instance. 

When a sufficient or adequate number of units has been installed, 
especially if a combination gas and electric system is decided upon, it is 
recommended to do no unnecessary repair 


112 


work on the live circuits, although work could be done if necessary, be¬ 
cause of the very low voltage at the lamps, and, therefore, any lamps out 
individually could be allowed to remain out because there would be suffi¬ 
cient lamps still burning to very adequately illuminate the street. In 
ease an entire circuit were in trouble, of course the circuit could, if 
necessary, be cut off at the primary transformer or switch and the repairs 
made without danger. Due to the extended use of low voltage in this 
system, and almost entire absence of high voltage, and the installation of 
cable which will give a large factor of safety, the breakdown trouble 
should be minimized. Due to the use of transformers as proposed, any 
single light, out will not effect the rest of the lights, as it does now in the 
present series circuits, cutting out from 50 to 100 other lights as well 
and thus each light is almost independent and individual approaching 
the reliability of the gas units, thus reducing the outages, the reduction 
in energy for which when they do occur, is properly deducted by the 
watt-hour meter. 

Recommendations. 

It is recommended that the City maintain the recommended street 
lighting system, organizing a Division of Street Lighting of the Depart¬ 
ment of Public Works, for these and other executive duties mentioned 
later, and placing responsibility for carrying out the routine in the pres¬ 
ent Police and Fire Alarm Department and other appropriate depart¬ 
ments. 

Energy Supply Factors. 

Us© of 

Electricity. 


Since the ordinance instigating this survey calls for a comparison of 
the availability of various illuminants, this matter has been considered 
very thoroughly and two types of energy are feasible for use in the light¬ 
ing of the streets of Milwaukee. Electricity is, of course, one of them. 
It heeds no arguments to convince one that electricity should be con¬ 
sidered, and it in fact, seems the only kind of energy to be used to supply 
any of the units which are suspended beyond a certain limit of height 
and is of course, also a most logical candidate for the supply of even the 
low mounting height types of units, as it is equally applicable 


113 


to all types and heights. 


Recommendations. 

It is recommended that electricity be used to supply the entire system, 
except where the recommended gas units of ten per cent .more lumens 
initial generation than the recommended electric units and delivering the 
same average lumens throughout its life, can be furnished at a lower price. 
It is to he considered that the life of the electric lamp recommended is 
the number of hours it will burn before its generated lumens have dropped 
to 80% of its initial value. 

As cited above, at the beginning of this survey, the Engineer was 
certain that electricity was the only feasible type of energy to he used 
for the kind of modern, scientific street lighting system to be proposed 
for Milwaukee, unless something different were to be developed in the 
way of gas unit than the unit available on the market today, since the 
new type of gas-filled tungsten filament, incandescent electric lamp was 
felt to be such an advance over all existing types of street lighting units 
that it would be a logical choice for this city. The possibilities of the gas 
if properly developed were fully recognized however so that the city might 
have the advantage of the choice between two sources of energy or so that 
they might have a combination of the two and be benefited by the com¬ 
petitive prices and double insurance involved in the choice between the 
two types, a great deal of inventive design and development work has 
been done to have a gas unit brought out which will compete satisfactorily 
from an engineering stand-point with the proposed electric unit. 

The Engineer in co-operation with the City of Milwaukee, the Mil¬ 
waukee Gas Light Company and the Wei si me h Street Lighting Company 
of America, a residence district post type unit of 15 ft. mounting height 
as has already been described has been developed to give equal satisfac¬ 
tory engineering results as to illumination on the street with the electric 
unit of practically the same lumens capacity and will to the layman and 
probably to tbe expert, look exactly the same on the street whether 


114 


Source of 
Energy. 


fed by gas or electricity. In other words, the residence units recom¬ 
mended is identically the same for gas or electricity except for the points 
mentioned above, that is, the substitution of gas for electric wires in the 
conduit in the post, the substitution of the gas burner for the electric 
socket and of the gas mantel for the electric lamp, the post, fixture and 
refractor having all been designed so as to be amply large and scientifi¬ 
cally correct for either gas or electric lamps. 

Recommendations. 

It is recommended that gas be used to supply any recommended types 
of units where gas lamps can be fitted to them which will generate in¬ 
itially ten per cent m)ore lumens than the recommended electric units and 
deliver the same average lumens throughout its life. It is to be con¬ 
sidered that the life of the gas mantel lamp recommended is the number 
of hours it will burn before its generated lumens have dropped to 75% 
of its initial value. 

It will be apparent from a perusal of the report thus far that the 
* system recommended can be operated from a source of energy producing 
current under municipal ownership or under private ownership, and 
regardless of Whatever decision will be made as to the present, or future 
supply of electricity or gas from a municipally owned plant, the street 
lighting system proposed will be equally adaptable. 


115 


Electric Supply: 


If the system is to be entirely electrical, as has been pointed out, the 
electricity should be considered delivered to the circuits in their respective 
districts, and the distribution svstem has been calculated on this basis. It 
will be apparent that the electricity could be manufactured by either a 
municipally owned plant or a privately owned plant, without in any way 
affecting the illuminating efficiency of the street lighting system. Any 
one of three contractual arrangements could therefore be made, by 
which the electricity could be obtained for the operation of this system. 

The city might (a) construct and own the plant and the street 
lighting system; (b) might own the 'Street lighting system only, in¬ 
cluding only the distribution system and units, as herein outlined; or, 
(c) might make a contract with the public utility to construct a system, 
maintain it and supply it with energy. These three methods will be 
discussed. 

(a) Municipal Ownership of Power Plant and Street Lighting Sys¬ 
tem : The street lighting system itself has been considered complete as 
a whole, up to where the primary circuits deliver the current to the street 
lighting system, and in this report the distribution system is considered 
to include everything from the lamp to this point only. This division 
will be obvious when it is realized that a municipally owned power plant 
might be constructed along lines which have been contemplated for 
some time in this city,—and certainly if the greatest productiveness and 
economy is to be obtained therefrom,—so that loads other than the street - 
lighting load, which is only available during certain limited number of 
hours per day, after which time the street lighting system is non-earning 
and idle, can be included on its lines. Such load, for instance, as the 
supply of current to the City’s own public buildings, fire and police sta¬ 
tions, pumping stations, schools, etc., and 


110 


it has been suggested that legal steps be taken to permit domestic and 
industrial loads throughout the city to be included. In case a munic¬ 
ipally owned plant were constructed on the latter basis, the distribution 
system, which would be constructed, should certainly be then so made 
as to be usable on the domestic load, the industrial load and the street 
lighting load, as well, making a distribution system similar to that now 
owned by the public utility companies supplying current to the people 
of Milwaukee, and this distribution system consisting, as it does, or would, 
mainly of domestic and industrial service lines, should properly be con¬ 
sidered a part of the municipal power plant proper and not a part of the 
street lighting system. The same primary feeder lines could, of course, 
supply current to the street lighting circuits, as explained above, in which 
case only the proportional charge should be made against street lighting. 

On account of the large scope of the problem as to whether ir would 
be practical for the City to build and operate a municipally owned 
power plant; the fact that it is a problem which could not be passed upon 
without extended study and investigation, which investigation would have 
to be made in connection with this specific case; on account of the 
desirability of being able to take on day load onto a municipally owned 
plant, in order to counteract the disadvantageous load factor of the street 
lighting system alone, due to the short number of hours per day that it 
is in use; on account of the time and money which would be consumed 
in case it were decided to build a municipally owned power plant and 
primary distribution system before all entanglements could be avoided 
and the plant constructed, whereas adequate street lighting in the City 
of Milwaukee is urgently needed in the shortest possible space of time; 
and since the herein recommended system has been designed so as to 
be equally applicable to municipally owned or privately owned power 
systems, the subject of the construction of a municipally owned power 
plant and primary 


117 


distribution system has been considered beyond the scope of this inves¬ 
tigation, except as stated above, and the Engineer has not restricted the 
City in any way in this regard. 

(b) 1'liblie Utility Contract: The usual form of contract, for street 
lighting service, used in the past, has been that using a “per lamp per 
year” basis, in which the City pays a fixed and definite sum per year 
for each lamp operated, without any stipulation as to the portion of this 

amount paid for investment, maintenance or energy charges. 

\ 

This form of contract is rapidly going out of vogue for various rea¬ 
sons, some of which are discussed herein and some other type or form 
of contract between the City and public utilities will necessarily have to 
take its place where such contracts are made. A public utility company 
is really in the business of the manufacture and sale of electricity, or gas. 
or other public utility product, and should be interested primarily only 
in the sale of that product. In the per lamp per year type of contract, 
however, the public utility usually made the investment in the labor 
and material necessary to install and construct the system, paid all in¬ 
vestment charges and depreciation charges, and was quite properly paid 
for this function as a part of the rate,—in other words, it acted as the 
banker or financial backer in the proposition. 

It also maintained and repaired and operated the system, as far as 
routine turning on and off of lights, trimming of lamps, repairing wires 
and other parts of the system is concerned, acting as maintainor of the 
equipment. It also acted in the natural capacity of the public utility, in' 
furnishing the energy supplied to the lamp in the same manner that it 
supplied current to its domestic and industrial consumers, only by an 
entirely separate and distinct set of apparatus and distribution system, 
as set forth earlier in the report. 


118 


The “per lamp per year” charge was, however, in no way segregated 
so that the City could in any way tell what it was paying the company 
for acting as hanker in the proposition, or what it was paying for the 
maintenance of the system, or at what rate it was being furnished the 
electric current or gas for the use of the system, the charges never being 
segregated. A large proportion of the charge, however, in fact, consid¬ 
erably the larger proportion of the cost, to a private company in furnish¬ 
ing street lighting service is involved in the interest and depreciation 
charges on the investment. Another large portion of the charge is 
paid the public utility company for the routine maintenance, and other 
routine* duties connected with the operation of the system, and a com¬ 
paratively small portion of the charge can therefore be justly ascribed 
to the cost of energy supplied to the system. The shorter the tenn of 
the contract, the larger proportion the interest and depreciation factors 
represent. 

The flat figures named in the “per lamp per year" contract, most 
naturally and quite properly include enough to pay, or nearly pay, the 
public utility company, during the term of the contract, for its invest¬ 
ment in the equipment. At the expiration of the contract, therefore, 
the City finds that it has paid, through the depreciation and amortization 
charges, for the entire investment represented in the system, but there is 
nothing in the contract which provides that the City has any legal title to 
the lamps or system, and even the scrap value involved in them reverts 
to the public utility company. 

If a renewal of contract could take into consideration this inju tico 
to the City, and in case the actual life of the equipment has not been 
exceeded, a reduction of price in the renewed contract might he made 
which would eliminate all the invest- 


119 


ment charges and therefore be more equitable than has been the practice 
in the past under such renewals. At any succeeding renewals, however, 
after the life of the equipment has been exceeded, and new investment 
must necessarily be made by the public utility, a correspondingly large 
rise in the price per lamp per year would have to be made to include 
the investment charges on the new equipment while in commercial busi¬ 
ness transactions such arrangements might work very satisfactorily, it 
is believed that any attempt to thus alternately fluctuate the price of 
street lighting up and down by such large steps, would not meet with 
the approval of the citizenry in general, and in the past it has not even 
been attempted. 

It must, however, be evident from even the very terse discussion 
just concluded, which does not include detailed objections, that some 
more equitable form of contract must necessarily be devised for use in 
connection with future street lighting agreements.* 

None of the inconsistencies outlined above exist between the public 
utility and the consumer in the case of private lighting contracts for 
commercial or industrial use. The public utility company does not act 
as banker or maintainer in this case, but simply furnishes current to the 
consumer, who owns and maintains his own system. 

A contract, therefore, which requires a public utility to function out 
of its natural sphere, does not seem to be suitable for the purpose at hand. 

(c) Municipal Ownership of Electric Street Lighting Distribution 
System, and Purchase of Current: Is it not most logical that the same 
arrangement used most satisfactorily in the domestic and industrial 
contract with public utilities, will prove equally satisfactory in the 
case of street lighting ? Let us see if there is any condition which 
is not conducive to such an arrangement, or wherein the arrangement 
would materially differ in 


120 


the two eases. In the case of an industrial plant, for instance, the 
proprietor or owner pays for the installation of his entire wiring system, 
including also his lamps and motors, fixtures and appurtenances, and the 
public utility company brings a supply, of current onto his premises, 
connects to his privately owned system, and by means of electricity 
meters, installed at the junction between the public utility’s service and 
the privately owned system, the current is measured and charged for 
according to an approved rate schedule. The proprietors bills fluctuate 
according to the use he makes of his installation; in case of outages, 
there is no dispute or difficulty involved, as the watt-hour meter takes 
care of the reduction in current use, and the simplest possible form of 
contract is made between the two contraetants. In the present case 
of the herein recommended Milwaukee street lighting system, as designed 
and laid out above, it would seem to be just as feasible for the City, 
which has great purchasing power, and pays low interest, and has a 
Department of Public Works, to make its own investment in its dis¬ 
tribution system for street lighting, and install the entire system as 
outlined above, paying its regular interest charges, and adequate depre¬ 
ciation charges only, without the necessity of paying the public utility 
a profit on this part of the business. There is no reason why the'regu¬ 
larly manufactured domestic service type of public utility current cannot 
be delivered directly to the circuit at the primary transformers, because 
all the operating functions, including the turning on and off of the 
current, and the measurement of it. can be taken care of perfectly 
satisfactorily bv already approved apparatuses. A simple form of 
contract can then be made with the public utility company, in which the 
city agrees to pay a certain rate per kilowatt-hour for the current meas¬ 
ured by the watt-hour meters, installed at the primary transformer poles. 
The rate for this current should be established with full consideration 
of the characteristics of the load, as this load is one of practically unity 
load factor, during the time of operation, there being no fluctuation from 
the time of turning on until the time of turning off 


121 


and its time of appearance and disappearance can be anticipated. How* 
ever, as this load is not on during the daylight hours of the day, the 
load factor for the entire twenty-four hours is not so desirable, but the 
rate should take into consideration all sides of this question. 

The City having also similar maintenance departments, such as the 
police and fire alarm maintenance, and repair department, would be 
also able to attend to the routine functions of cleaning and renewing 
lamps and refractors and attending to the repairs and replacements of 
any parts of the system. Therefore, by the City owning and maintaining 
its own electric distribution system for street lighting and purchasing 
energy from the public utility, the following advantages would be gained: 

(li) Use of the City’s great purchasing power. 

(2) Low interest charges. 

(3) Low depreciation charges, utilizing the annuity basis and dis¬ 
tributing it over the actual life of the system. 

(4) Final ownership of the entire system. 

(5) Ability to start immediately with the improvement of the 
street lighting. 

(G) Ability to obtain current supply immediately by closing con¬ 
tract for current only. 

(A) Ability to build the street lighting system by progressive steps. 

(8) Entire control of changes in location or types of units according 
to the requirements of the advance in the art. 

(9) Accurate measurements, by means of watt-hour meters, of cur¬ 
rent used. 

(10) Control of exact time of turning off and turning on the lights, 
by individual circuits. 

(11) Control of outages deductions, by measurement on watt-hour 
meters, and use of City maintenance crew. 

(12) Low maintenance cost by combining with other departments. 

(13) Probable low current cost if equitable contract can be made, 
because of character of load, and ability of large public utility 
to manufacture current cheaply. 


122 


(14) Centralization in the City itsell, of responsibility for design 
and upkeep of the system. 

(15) The availability of the public utility company^ lines in almost 
all localities. 

(lb) Uniformity of current and service with that for domestic and 
industrial uses. 


Recommendations:— 

It is therefore strongly, recommended that the City own and con¬ 
struct its own electric street lighting distribution system, including 
everything from the primary transformers in the above described plan 
to and including the lamps, and that it make a contract, at least until 
the proposed municipal plant is actually built and ready to operate, say 
for a period of five years, with a public utility company, for the supply 
of current for the system, at a stated price per kilowatt-hour which may 
be agreed upon between the City and the public utility, or which may be 
obtained through competitive bids from different public utilities, or 
which may be determined by the Railroad Commission of Wisconsin. 
The above recommendation applies to the whole system if entirely 
supplied by electricity, or to that portion of the system for which it may 
be decided to use electricity. 

It is further recommended that necessary legislative enactments be 
passed to serve to create a Division of Street Lighting of the Board of 
Public Works, such Division to have functions which will enable it tu 
supervise all maintenance of and extensions to the new street lighting 
system as set forth in the accompanying Summary of Recommendations. 

Gas Supply:— 

In case it is deemed advisable for the double insurance or reliability 
of sendee, or in case the price submitted bv the gas utility company 
is attractively low, gas may be used, as has been before stated, in a part 
of the system, and in that case it is assumed no municipally owned plant 
question enters into the problem. The gas units, including only the 
posts, fixtures, etc., would be the only part of the system to be installed 
by the City. 


123 


Again, a simple form of contract for the supply of gas to the units,, 
or also including the maintenance of the service, could he made, the City 
making the initial investment and maintaining part or all of the system 
itself. At a suitable figure it might be advisable to contract with the 
gas utility, to maintain the mantels and burners or other parts, on these 
units, at some equitable basis, which would assure supervisional and 
inspectional regulation of the quality of maintenance to the City. As 
before stated, these units, supplied with gas, give engineering results 
equally satisfactory to the same sized units supplied with electricity 
and have the same design appearance, the same mechanical details, with 
identical unit cost for the post, practically equivalent cost for the fixtures, 
are entirely interchangeable between gas and electric at any time at small 
expense, but if any considerable part of the system is supplied with gas, 
it should be taken into consideration that a considerable portion of the 
connected load involved in the street lighting system would not have 
to be supplied by any municipal plant which might be built in the future. 
In other words, the total connected electric load involved in the street 
lighting system would then be reduced by the amount equivalent to the 
total number of these gas supplied units. 

A contract could, however, be made for, say, five years, after which 
the units might be changed to electric. 


Recommendations:— 

It is therefore recommended that competitive prices be obtained 
on the recommended units which the gas utility can satisfactorily 
operate, subject to the requirements stated under “Lamps,” etc., from 
both the gas and eletcric utility, upon the opening of which proposals a 
definite choice can be made between the two contracts, based on the 
lowest price. 


124 


Conclusion. 


r lhe recommendations made in this report have, for convenience, 
been summarized and indexed, and appear in the beginning of this 
report. This summary is to be considered supplementary to and a part 
of this report. While this summary sums up most tersely the conclu¬ 
sions to be drawn from the report, it may be of interest to add a few 

remarks regarding the new system. 

\ 

The costs and economies involved in the new system have not been 
discussed in this part of the report. They are included in a separate 
portion hereof, but it will no doubt lie of interest to make some general 
comparisons as to the present and future street lighting service. If the 
only object of this street lighting survey were to obtain service only 
equivalent to the present service, this could most readily be accomplished 
by the mere substitution of an equivalent gas-filled tungsten electric lamp 
in a proposed refractor unit for each of the present 2318 arc lamps (ex¬ 
isting in 1912), leaving the present gas and gasoline lamps still oper¬ 
ating. This does not take into consideration any unillummated portions 
of the city, or the comparatively few units which have been added since 
the above count was taken. The city is now paying for each of the 
2318 arc lamps, $65.00 per lamp per year, or a total per year of $150,- 
570.00. 

The conservatively annual saving by substituting for present 2318 
are lamps an equal number of 400 candle power gas-filled tung-ten fila¬ 
ment lamps in the new and especially efficient refractor units developed 
for Milwaukee would be $40,000.00. 

The total saving which might be effected bv substituting the new 
type of gas lamp for the present-gas lamps were not calculated in the 
above estimate, as it was assumed that the object of the street lighting 
survev was much broader than the mere duplication of the present inade¬ 
quate illumination of the streets of Milwaukee, and consequently the 
recommendations actually proposed, contemplates 


125 


/ 


the entire new construction of a system as set forth in the recommenda¬ 
tions. The new system proposed to be installed without delay, will 
provide the city with approximately 8,500 lamps to be installed at the 
rate and in the locations cited in the recommendations and on the Street 
Lighting Atlas, with recommendations for the future which will establish 
an ultimate system as near the ideal as is practicable. The Atlas also 
shows how an installation could be made, providing approximately 6000 
lamps, but appreciably improving the lighting of the streets, at an 
annual expenditure approximately the same as at present expended for 
lighting the same area. 

For a comparatively, small percentage increase over the present cost, 
say 25%, the recommended system providing 8500 lamps will be 
obtained at a per capita expense no larger than that of the average city 
of the size of Milwaukee, and considerably smaller than many of the 
same or even smaller size. 

It is the earnest belief of the Engineer that when the economic 
value of this system of street lighting is compared with other public 
works, such as schools, bridges, police force, tire department, etc., the 
price required to be paid for the protection of the life and limb of the 
entire citizenry of over 400,000 inhabitants; the protection of our wives 
and daughters from crime and annoyance; the protection of our property 
from burglary by supplementing the police force by adequately lighted 
streets; the various conveniences to the public secured by sufficient 
illumination on the streets, and the advertising and aesthetic values of 
adequate street lighting to the city at large, and to the individuals, will 
be found to be insignificant compared to the value received, and the 
expenditure well worth while. 

It should constantly be borne in mind that the recommended system, 
while contemplating an increased expenditure, would still leave Milwau¬ 
kee’s street lighting expenditure lower than the average of cities of 
similar size. 


126 


It is therefore respectfully submitted to your honorable body, that 
the recommendations herein proposed be approved, and that the Com¬ 
missioner of Public Works bo empowered to put into effect, as soon as 
•feasible, their provisions. 

* Respectfully submitted, 

F. A. Vaughn, 

Engineer of Street Lighting Survey 
for City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

June 21st, 1915. 


REPORT 

ON 

RECOMMENDATIONS 


FOR 


IMPROVED ILLUMINATION 


OF 

PUBLIC BUILDINGS 


i 


REPORT ON 


Scope. 


Recommendations for Improved Illumination 

of Public Buildings 

THE PROBLEM. 

In interpretation of the instructions in Ordinance File No. 8G1G, the 
Engineer has inspected the illumination now existing in the various 
public buildings throughout the City with a view to accomplishing any 
economies or improvements in the use of illuminants in any or all of 
the public buildings. 

THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM. 

The illumination equipment of the various buildings, such as the 
City Hall, fire and police stations, etc., coming within the scope of this 
report, was inspected and the amount of connected load and type of equip¬ 
ment, square foot area, recommended type of lighting, connected load 
corresponding to recommended type of lighting, and other details, were 
tabulated, and the data for the City Hall are included in a field note 
book accompanying this report. 

A key for the tabulation of the present type of lighting, as well as 
the recommended type, has been used by the employment of letters of 
the alphabet to denote certain more or less standard types, as shown 
below: 


Present Type of Lighting. 

A represents an installation of ceiling lights with carbon lamp and 
ribbed glass reflectors on angle or straight arm fixtures. 

B represents an installation of ceiling lights with tungsten lamps and 
ribbed glass reflectors on angle or straight arm fixtures. 


2 



Summary for 
City Hall. 


C represents an installation of ceiling lights with tungsten lamps and 
genuine Holophane reflectors, on angle or straight arm fixtures. 

D represents an installation of ceiling lights with tungsten lamps 
and genuine Holophane reflectors on chain drops. 

E represents an installation of cluster lights equipped with porcelain 
enameled reflectors. 

Recommended Type of Lighting. 

M represents an installation of tungsten lamps with proper reflectors 
on straight arm fixtures, adapting the present fixture, or replac¬ 
ing it by a. single chain suspension or drop, with one large lamp 
and proper reflectors, where the latter equipment costs less than 
the adaptation of the present fixture. 

X represents an indirect lighting installation. 

With this key, the accompanying tables covering the City Hall can be 
interpreted and the specific recommendations for any room determined. 
A summary of this table is given below. (See next page.) 

Perhaps the greatest single economy that could be effected in the City 
Hall would be a change in the illumination of the central lobby and cor¬ 
ridors and in the larger rooms, such as the court rooms and council cham¬ 
bers. These points are, therefore, discussed in detail below. 

'The skylight above the eighth floor is of prismatic glass of approx¬ 
imately 1600 sq. ft. Above the skylight is a space about 15 ft. high, 
where gas-filled lamps with National X-Ray reflectors could be hung, 
using approximately 3 watts per sq. ft. This would illuminate above 
and through the skylight. 

The six bracket lights per column should be removed and the outlets 
extended from column to middle of ceiling by means of metal molding 
or otherwise. At each of the new outlets a 


3 


SUMMARY—CITY II ALL. 


Number of rooms inspected, 171. 


PRESENT LIGHTING. 


Number of rooms having “A” lighting. 21 

Number of rooms having “A-B” lighting. 20 

Number of rooms having “B” lighting. 71 

Number of rooms having “B-C” lighting. f> 

Number of rooms having “O” lighting. 30 

Number of rooms having “D” lighting. 3 

n o o 

Number of rooms having “E” lighting. 2 

Number of rooms having drop cords. 4 

Number of rooms having special fixtures. 2 

Number of rooms having indirect lighting. 1 


171 


Total present wattage, 122,4(50. 


RECOMMENDED LIGHTING. 


Number of rooms recommended for “M” lighting. 110 

Number of rooms recommended for “N” lighting. 61 


171 


Total wattage if recommended lighting be installed. .. .106,400 
Saving in wattage. 16,060 


4 
















CITY HALL—LOBBY LIGHTING. 



5 














Lighting of 
Fire Houses. 


chain drop fixture with a 100 watt vacuum type tungsten lamp with a 
Holophane XE reflector should be placed. The area covered by each 
lamp thus placed is approximately 23' x 10', with ceiling height 14', 
and the resultant illumination will be approximately 2-foot candles. 

With indirect illumination in lobby, the above wattage would remain 
same, if 100 watt gas-filled lamps in mirrored reflectors be used, and 
the resultant illumination will be approximately U/t-foot candles. 

District Court Lighting:— 

It is recommended that all present fixtures be discarded and the 
ceiling be tinted a light color. Indirect units should be installed in the 
whole court room, i. e., in Judges’ Chambers, Stenographers’ Offices, 
Main Court Room, under gallery and over gallery. 

Municipal Court Lighting:— 

It is recommended that all present fixtures be discarded and indirect 
units installed, provided that the special sound proof ceiling could be 
painted a light shade of cream without affecting its acoustic qualities. 

Council Chamber:— 

It is recommended to install an indirect lighting system in this 
chamber, under balcony and over balcony, and to take out all bracket 
lights and in their place install flush receptacles for fans. 

Basement:— 

« 

'the average fire house consists of a basement, first floor and second 
floor; a few have a third floor, which is mostly used for storage purposes; 
practically all of them have towers in which the hose (after a fire) is 
suspended in order to dry out and avoid rotting. 


7 


The basement of nearly all single engine houses has two boilers, one 
small boiler near the rear to keep steam up in the engine, and one large 
boiler in the front for heating the building during cold weather. The 
size of the basement varies from 23' x 56' x 7' high to about 3G' x 70' x 9' 
high. It is strongly recommended to install at least three drop cords, 
controlled by a switch at the head of basement stairs; one drop to be at 
each boiler, and one over the work bench, which is usually found in all 
the basements. Five drop cords would be better, as the wood and shav¬ 
ings for starting the fire in the engine are usually kept in the basement. 


First Floor Apparatus Room:— 

(Average size, 30' x GO' x 14'.) 

The apparatus room in single houses is about the same size as the 
above mentioned basement. The lighting in the majority of cases was 
found to be very poor. It consists of about four open flame gas brackets, 
two on each long side and one bracket with mantel over the instrument 
stand. It is recommended to install at least two 250 watt tungsten lights 
with Holophane prismatic reflectors, placed close to the ceiling, and con¬ 
trolled by a three-way switch at the instruments stand, and an automatic 
door switch at the stable door if this seems desirable, so that in case a 
night call comes in the night, a man could snap on the lights before the 
men were down from the sleeping quarters, or the release of the horses 
would do the same thing, thus saving time and avoiding accidents in 
hitching up the horses. Six 150 watt tungsten lamps, two placed be¬ 
tween the apparatus and two on each side would be sufficient, all six 
being controlled from one switch. It is also recommended that a drop 
cord with proper reflector be located over instrument stand, and one 
drop cord with reflectors over reading table for the convenience of the 
man. It is also recommended to install two wall brackets where motor 
apparatus is kept in barn. 



I 


Barn, First Floor:— 

Where barn has one row of stalls (size 25' x 25' x 14'), it is recom¬ 
mended to install two 100 watt lamps with porcelain enamel reflectors, 
placed close to ceiling and controlled by switch located at entrance to 
barn. Present lighting consists of one open flame gas bracket. 

Where barn has two rows of stalls (size 35'x 25' x 14'), it is recom¬ 
mended to install four 100 watt lamps with enamel reflectors, two be¬ 
hind each set of stalls; each two controlled by a separate switch. 


Second Floor:— 


The second floor in the majority of cases consists of a bath room 
(10' x 12' x 12') ; locker and reading room (about 25' x 25' x 12'), and a 
dormitory (approximately 25'x 35'x 12'). In the bath room the present 
lighting usually consists of a single arm open-flame center gas light, no 
reflectors or mantels being used. It is recommended to install'one 100 
watt lamp with Holophane prismatic reflector, placed close to ceiling, 
and controlled by switch at entrance. 


In the locker and reading room, the lighting in most cases consists 
of a three-arm open-flame gas center light, no reflector or mantels being 
used. It is recommended to install tAvo 150 watt lamps with Holophane 
prismatic reflectors placed close to ceiling and controlled by switch at 
bead of stairs. 


Dormitory:— 

In houses where electric light was installed in the dormitory, a 1 
or 2 c. p. carbon lamp, tinted red or green, is used as a night light, kept 
burning all night, so that in case a night call comes in the men can jump 
into their clothes without delay or confusion. A 25 watt tungsten lamp 
is used as a general light for making beds, cleaning up, etc. 


9 


In houses having no electric, light, an open-flame gas burner, having a 
tiny funnel shade, is used as a night light, and an open flame burner used 
as a general light. It is recommended to install an indirect unit, having 
a two intensity control, one very low candle-power lamp, and one inten¬ 
sity of about 1 foot candle. In some houses a captain’s or assistant chief’s 
office or room is on the second floor, and it is there recommended to in¬ 
stall direct lighting for the office and indirect for sleeping room. 

Tcwer:— 

A 60 watt tungsten lamp with focusing Holophane prismatic reflec¬ 
tor hung on a drop cord at top of tower is very strongly recommended 
for the towers. This light should be controlled by switch at bottom of 
tower. The object attained is, when the men return from a fire at night 
and hang the hose up to dry, it will be unnecessary to carry a kerosene 
lantern to the top of the tower for the purpose of fastening the hose. 
One house'was found to have a light at the top of the tower. 

Detailed information of the different houses is listed below, 
summary of Xumber of houses inspected. 36 

Fire Houses. 

Number of houses having inadequate combination gas and electric 

light . 18 

Number of houses having inadequate gas light. 16 

Number of houses under construction having gas and electric outlets 2 
Number of houses having good lighting.None 

Eleven houses are completely wired in conduit for electric light. 
About two of the above bad electric fixtures installed, but were not using 
them. One house was found to have several drop cords attached to exist¬ 
ing wiring. Most of the other houses had cleat work or wooden mould- 
mg work installed, no attention being paid to existing wires in conduit. 

Most of the above houses need only proper fixtures, some additional 
outlets, and service entrance installed. 


10 






Lowest approximate Wattage Required per House: 


Apparatus . 


watts 

direct lighting 


Barn . 

(C 

200 

U 

« U 


Basement . 

U 

• • » • 

180 

u 

U (C 


Bath room . 

u 

100 

u 

« u 


Locker room . 

u 

300 

u 

cc u 


Dormitory. 

cc 

600 


indirect lighting, .75 

f. c 

Dormitory. 

a 

10 


night lighting, .05 

f. c 

Tower . 

a 

60 

u 

direct lighting 


Total . 


.1950 





11 












Lighting: of 
Fire Depart¬ 
ment Horse 
Hospitals. 


Lighting of 
Fire Depart¬ 
ment Repair 
Shop. 


South Side Hospital. 

Size of building is 47' x 18' x 11' high, with no lights, either gas or 
electric, installed. It is recommended to install four 100 watt lamps 
with enameled steel reflectors. 


North Side Hospital. 

Size of each stable is about 17' x 20' x 12' high. Each stable at pres¬ 
ent has one three-light Benjamin cluster with three 16 candle-power 
carbon lamps. It is recommended to install a 150 watt lamp with 
enameled steel reflector, installed close to ceiling; also about two wall 
receptacles for extension cords. 

The repair shop on Second St., near Sycamore, has first floor size 
of 47' x 47' x 18', and is used for repairing wagons, engines, trucks, etc. 
The present lighting consists of three four-mantel gas arcs and is very 
poor. It is recommended to install at least six 250 watt lamps with 
enameled steel refectors placed close to ceiling. 

The second floor is of the same size as the first floor, and is used as 
a machine shop, with present lighting equipment of two four-mantel gas 
arcs, and is very poor. It is recommended to install six 250 watt lamps 
for general lighting and drop cords for local lighting. 

The third floor is of the same size as the first floor, and is used as 

wood working shop. No gas or electric light is installed here. It is 

recommended to install general lighting and local lighting. 

The third floor over engine house is used for storage purposes only. 
Good general lighting for the store room is recommended. 

It is recommended that one motor be installed on each floor to drive 
the respective machinery on that floor. At present all machinery is 

driven by a steam engine located on the first floor, with corresponding 

loss in belts and shafting. 


12 


Lighting 

Police 

Stations. 


of In the main public station the lighting was found to be mostly done 
by drop cords with no reflectors; a few clusters with enameled steel 
reflectors and some combination fixtures with ribbed gla s shades being 
used. The illumination was very poor in all rooms. There is need for 
good lighting in the Bertillion room, etc. The square feet of floor space 
is approximately 15,000 sq. ft. The wattage is approximately 4500 watts. 

It is understood that a new station will be built in the near future, 
so no recommendations are made. 

The armory on Broadway was inspected, and an equipment of four 
drop cords found. No recommendations are made here, on account of 
the condition of the building. 

The police patrol barn has an area of approximately 600 sq. ft., with 
three outlets in use, each having about two 40 watt lamps with ribbed 
glass shades. It is recommended to install enameled steel reflectors near 
the ceiling. 


South Side Station, Precinct No. 2. 

Here the lighting consists mainly of combination fixtures, with lamps 
at 45°, a few ribbed glass shades, but most fixtures had no reflectors. 
The approximate floor area is 8000 sq. ft. Tbe wattage used is 400 watts. 
The lighting is poor in all rooms. It is recommended to install chain 
drops with a Holophane reflector for assembly and office rooms; small 
indirect units for bed-rooms which are in use, and drop cords for all 
rooms. Approximate recommended wattage, 3000 watts, for lighting 
only rooms which are in use at present. 

Galena Street Station. 

The lighting consists of combination center lights with ribbed glass 
shades, several two-light, clusters with enameled steel reflectors 


13 


and quite a number of drop corck and desk lights. The lighting is poor. 
The approximate floor area of the first floor and cell rooms only (second 
floor is not in use) is 4000 sq. ft. The wattage used is 550 watts. It 
is understood that the building is condemned, so no recommendation is 
made for improving the lighting. See recommendation for South Side 
Police Station if necessary. The approximate recommended wattage 
would be 1500. 

North Side and Bay View Stations. 

These are identical in construction. The area of the assembly room 
and office is 31'x 21'x 12' high. The lighting consists of two four-arm 
combination fixtures, with pressed glass shades. The lamps on fixtures 
are set at an angle of 45° from fixtures. It is recommended to install 
two 250 watt lamps with prismatic reflectors. 

The cell room is approximately 35' x 26' x 12' high, with present 
lighting equipment of three three-arm combination fixtures, with 10 watt 
lamps. It is recommended to install three 15 watt ceiling units enclosed 
in Pheno balls. 

The Lieutenant’s office and room are each about 12'x 11'x 12' high, 
with present lighting equipment of one two-arm combination fixture, 
having two 25 watt lamps, in each room. It is recommended to install 
60 watt lamp with prismatic reflector on chain drop in each room. 

In the barn, 22' x 35' x 15' high, it is recommended to install one 
250 watt lamp with enameled steel reflector at ceiling, and two wall 
receptacles for utility lamps. 

The bedrooms upstairs, approximately 20' x 23' x 12' high, have com¬ 
bination angle socket fixtures, with pressed glass shades. These rooms 
are not in use at the present time. It is recommended to install indirect 
lighting of two intensitis if they are put into use as sleeping quarters. 


14 


Lighting of High Service Station, Eleventh St. and North Ave. 

Pumping 

Stations. 

The engine -room is 73' x 53' 2 25' high, with present lighting equip¬ 
ment of 12 drop cords, with no reflectors, and four five-light cluster 
suspended from steel work supporting roof, and also ten one-arm gas 
brackets and two six-arm center lights are installed but not in use. The 
floor area is approximately 4000 sq. ft., the wattage used approximately 
1200 sq. ft. 

. . . “■* /4„ r 

It is recommended to install about six 300-watt gas-filled tungsten 
lamps with concentrating prismatic reflectors for general lighting; drop 
cords around pumps to remain about the same. It is suggested that 
aluminimized steel angle reflectors be installed on these drop cords to 
throw their light where needed in machinery and eliminate the glare when 
walking around the pumps. All machine lighting should be installed 
in galvanized rigid conduit. 

The boiler room is 44' x 33' x 50' high, with area of 1500 sq. ft., and 
present lighting equipment of four drop cords, with 16 c.p. carbon lamps 
and no reflectors. It is recommended to install about four 100-watt 
lamps with enameled steel reflectors on drop cords for general lighting. 
In front of steam and water gauges it is recommended to install drop 
cords for each gauge, with 25-watt lamps and Holophane aluminimized 
angle reflector. 

The coal shed is 75'x 30'x 20' high, with area of 2250 sq. ft., and 
present lighting equipment of two drop cords with 16 c.p. lamps and 
no reflectors. It is recommended to install two 150 watt tungsten lamps 
with enameled steel reflectors, placed close to roof trusses, and one drop 
cord with reflector near coal weighing scale. 

The repair room is 30' x 18' x 16' high, with area of 540 sq. ft., and 
present lighting equipment of three drop cords with 16 c.p. lamps 


15 


and no reflectors, it is recommended to install four 100 watt lamps with 
enameled steel reflectors, placed close to ceiling. 

The basement is of the same size as the engine room, with present 
lighting equipment of 9 drop cords and 9 gas brackets, with no reflectors. 
It is recommended to install at least 12 drop cords with 60 watt lamps. 
The wiring should be installed in rigid conduit, as the basement is quite 
damp, due to slight water leakage from pump pistons. The above station 
makes its own electricity, so a slight increase in the load would not 
appreciably affect the operating cost. 

North Point Pumping Station. 

North and south boiler rooms are 62' x 30' x 25' high, with an area 
of 1860 sq. ft., and present lighting equipment of 3 100 watt lamps on 
drop cords with enameled steel reflectors in each boiler room, and also 
about 18 drop- cords with 60 watt tungsten lamps behind each boiler, 
and in front of gauges, with proper enameled or aluminumized steel angle 
reflectors. Present wattage used is 1300 watts. There are also wall 
receptacles for extension cords. This is a recent installation, with galvan¬ 
ized rigid conduit, Perkins panel switches in cabinet and snap switches 
where required. This is a 4 very good job,and no recommendations need 
to "be made, as the outlets are located in the proper places, correct reflec¬ 
tors are used and the wattage is adequate. 

The coal rooms have present lighting equipment of four drop cords, 
with 100 watt lamps on each. No recommendations need to be made here. 

Locker rooms and toilet rooms have two short drop cords in each with 
enameled steel reflectors. No recommendations need to be made here. 


16 


The basement is 172'x 62'x 15' high, with present lighting equip¬ 
ment of 36 drop cords, with no reflectors. Outlets are located where 
required. No recommendations to be made here. 

The machine shop is 25' x 45' x 14' high, with area of 1125 sq. ft., 
with good natural light (two skylights and plenty of windows). Arti¬ 
ficial lighting consists of two cluster brackets. It is recommended to 
install about 6 100 watt lamps, with enameled steel reflectors, placed 
close to ceiling, for general lighting, and also at least one drop cord 
with aluminumized steel angle reflector for local lighting at each lathe, 
drill press, etc. 

The engineer’s offices have present lighting equipment of desk lamps. 
It is recommended to install chain drop with proper prismatic reflector 
and lamp. 

Main engine room is 172' x 62' x 50' high, with area of 10,664 sq. ft., 
with present general lighting equipment of 12 4-light clusters and 12 
3-light clusters, placed above and below balcony, with no reflectors, on 
wood moulding work, all in poor condition. The present wattage is 
about 3,360. It, is recommended that three rows of 4 outlets per row 
be installed directly below truss (50' from floor to truss) supporting roof, 
providing there is enough clearance for crane; if not. put outlets high 
enough so that they will clear crane. Each outlet should have a 750 watt 
gas-filled tungsten lamp with a very concentrating reflector installed. 
A better alternative plan could be installed consisting of three rows of 
5 outlets per row, each outlet equipped with a 500 watt gas-filled tung¬ 
sten lamp with a very concentrating reflector. The recommended wattage 
would be 7500. The conduit construction would be very 7 simple, as the 
trusses are about 6' apart and can be easily reached from the crane. 



! 


17 


Lighting 

Flushing 

Stations. 


Engine lighting: Each engine has at present about 15 drop cords 
installed, with no reflectors. About three of the engines have the wires 
installed in conduit, the other four have wood molding installations. It 
is recommended to put in conduit installations for all engines and also 
aluminumized steel angle reflectors for all engine drop cords, so as to 
throw the light where required. The present lighting load is about 
15 k. w. 

I 

The lighting generator equipment consists of two units, each o* 
15 k. w., direct connected to steam engine. The above units can be oper¬ 
ated in parallel. The increase of 3 to 6 k.w. in lighting would be feasible. 

It is understood that the City is about to rewire in conduit the main 
engine room and also the engines which have the wires in wood molding. 
It is suggested that the above recommendations be carried out. 

North Point Flushing Station. 

of The engine room is 40' x 27' x 20' high, with an area of 1080 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of one 5-light Benjamin cluster 
with reflector and 40 watt lamps. It is recommended to install one 300 
watt gas-filled tungsten lamp with concentrating reflector hung close to 
roof trusses. 

The motor pit is 15' x 15' x 12' high, with an area of 225 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of one 4-light Benjamin cluster, 
with reflector, with 4 watt lamps. It is recomjmended to install one 
150 watt lamp with enameled steel reflector in the same location. 

The oil shed is 37' x 15' x 11' high, with an area of 555 sq. ft. The 
present lighting equipment consists of one 3-light Benjamin cluster, with 
no reflectors, and two 40 watt lamps in cluster. It is recommended to 
install two outlets, each having one 150 watt lamp with enameled steel 
reflector. 


18 


The shop is 37' x 15' x 11' high, with an area of 555 sq. ft. The 
same recommendation is made as for the oil shed. 

The bath room is 10' x 15' x 11' high, with a present lighting equip¬ 
ment of one 4-light Benjamin cluster, with reflector and 40 watt lamps,. 
It is recommended to install one 100 watt lamp chain drop with Holo- 
phane reflector. 

The boiler room is not in use. The plant is receiving power from 
the garbage crematory. No recommendations will be made for lighting 
until it is decided what is to be done with the boiler space. 

Increase in load would not affect the capacity of the supply, as 
current is received from garbage crematory and stepped down by small 
transformer to 110 volts. 

Jones Island Flushing Plant. 

The engine room is 50' x 30' x 15' high, with an area of 1500 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of 12 drop cords with no re¬ 
flectors. It is recommended to install six 150 watt lamps with enameled 
steel reflectors near ceiling. 

About three drop cords with angle reflectors in front of sight feed 
lubricators are also recommended. 

The dynamo room is 15'x 13'x 11' high, with an area of 195 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of three drop cords with no 
reflectors. It is recommended to install four ,60 watt lamps with enameled 
reflectors, placed close to ceiling. 

The workshop is 15'x 20'x 11' high, with an area of 300 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of 2 drop cords with no reflec¬ 
tors. It is recommended to install one 


19 


150 watt lamp with enameled steel reflector close to ceiling, and two drop 
cords with aluminumized steel reflector over work bench. 

The locker room is 12' x 18'x 11' high, with an area of 216 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of one drop cord with no reflec¬ 
tors. It is recommended to install two 100 watt lamps with enameled steel 
reflectors close to ceiling. 

The boiler room is 30' x 40' x 20' high, with an area of 1200 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of 7 drop cords with no reflec¬ 
tors, and 40 watt lamps. It is recommended to install drop cords and 
proper reflectors over gauges, drop cord at rear of boilers, and four 
100 watt lamps with enameled steel reflectors about 15' above floor. 

The coal room is 100' x 30' x 20' high, with an area of 3000 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of five drop cords with 40 watt 
lamps. It is recommended to install five 100 watt lamps with enameled 
steel reflectors close to roof trusses. 

The toilet room is 15'x 6'x 8' high, with a present lighting equip¬ 
ment of two cluster Benjamin reflectors. It is recommended to install 
one 100 watt lamp with Holophane reflector. 

Increase in load on station would not interfere, as they are at pres¬ 
ent furnishing Experimental Sewerage Disposal plant about 150 to 200 
amperes at 110 volts. 

Kinnickinnic Flushing Station. 

The engine room is 35' x 40' x 30' high, with an area of 1400 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of one 6-light cluster enameled 
reflector with 40 watt lamp over machine, also ten electric brackets with 
ribbed glass reflectors. It is recommended to replace bracket reflectors 
with assymetrical Holophane reflectors. 


20 


The present cluster over engine should be replaced by a 750 watt 
gas-filled tungsten lamp with proper prismatic reflector. 

The dynamo room is 38' x 13'x 30' high, with an area of 394 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of two 2-arm brackets with no 
reflectors. It is recommended to install two long cords with enameled 
steel reflectors with 100 watt lamps on each. 

The locker room is 10' x 15' x 13' high. The present lighting con¬ 
sists of one drop cord with 16 c. p. lamp and epameled reflector. It is 
recommended to install one 100 watt lamp with Holophane reflector, and 
to shorten the drop cord. 

The boiler room is 60' x 32' x 30' high, with an area of 1920 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of one 3-light cluster with reflec¬ 
tors and three brackets with no reflectors, and one drop cord behind the 
boiler. It is recommended to install one 250 watt lamp with enameled 
reflector on a long drop cord in front of boilers, and one 150 watt lamp 
with enameled reflector on long drop cord along side of present boilers 
(space, about 16'x 60'). 

The boiler gauges are sufficiently illuminated by flexible brackets 
and proper reflectors. 

The coal shed is 60' x 32' x 30' high, with an area of 1800 sq. ft. 
The present lighting equipment consists of one 4-light cluster with 
enameled reflectors. It is recommended to install one 250 watt lamp 
with proper reflector slightly below roof trusses. 

The bath room is 8' x 15' x 13' high, with an area of 120 sq. ft. The 
present lighting equipment consists of one 2-arm bracket. It is recom¬ 
mended to install one drop cord with Holophane reflector and 100 watt 
lamp. 


21 


Lighting 

Garbage 

Plant. 


The office is 15'xl0'xl2' high. The present lighting equipment 
consists of one 1-arm bracket with ribbed glass reflectors and one 3-light 
cluster. It is recommended to install proper reflector on bracket and 
chain drop with 100 watt lamp and prismatic reflector. 

The above station makes its own power at 110 volts from a 10 k. w. 
turbine set. The present lighting load is about 30 amperes (according 
to the engineer). Increase in load would not be noticeable. 

The garbage plant consists mainly of an East and West boiler room 
and a second floor receiving department where garbage is dumped in 
boilers. 

The boiler room is 100'x 13'x 12'-15' high. The present lighting 
equipment consists of two two-light clusters, with 40 watt lamps. It is 
recommended to install 4 drop cords with 100 watt lamps and enameled 
steel reflectors in each boiler room. 

The second door has about 15 brackets along the wall. The wiring 
in conduit is in very poor condition. It is recommended to install about 
the same number of brackets, with proper reflectors. This receiving de¬ 
partment is over each boiler room. 

The power house is 25' x 30'. The present lighting equipment con¬ 
sists of four 250 watt lamps with flat porcelain enameled steel reflectors, 
it is recommended to change the reflectors to the deeper type, but the 
location of the outlets is correct. 

The office is 15' x 15', the present lighting equipment consisting of 
one 150 watt lamp with Holophane reflector. No recommendations to 
be made here, except that the reflectors be cleaned. 


22 


Lighting: of 
Natatorinnis. 


» 


The average natatorium consists of one main floor and one balcony 
containing dressing rooms. The main floor consists of entrance (size 
15'xlo'); office (size 15'xl5'), and toilet room (size 15'xl5'). A 
swimming tank approximately 30' x 60', with a ten-foot walk around the 
tank, containing shower baths, comprises the balance of the first floor. 

The entrance lighting was in most cases a three-mantel gas arc. It 
is recommended to install a 100 watt lamp and Holophane reflector placed 
close to ceiling. 

i*r*. 

The office lighting was usually a three-mantel gas arc, a two or three- 
arm fixture. It is recommended ‘to install 150 watt lamp with Holo¬ 
phane reflector, ceiling unit. 

The toilet room lighting was usually the same as the office lighting, 
and the same recommendations apply. 

The passage around the swimming tank and shower baths was in 
most cases lit by 12 Welsbaeh gas drops,—usually no reflectors were in¬ 
stalled. It is recommended that gas lights be replaced by 100 watt lamps 
with prismatic reflectors placed close to ceiling. Mantels in these gas 
lights appeared to be in poor condition, due to the extreme humidity of 
the air in the room. The glassware is very liable to breakage, due to 
water being splashed on these fixtures. 

It was noticed in one natatorium that the attendant was cleaning up 
the glass from a broken lamp and swimmers are very apt to be cut by 
stepping into broken glass. In another natatorium attendants had placed 
tin shields beside unshaded mantels so that they could avoid the glare 
from these lamps while watching the tank for any possible accidents. 
Therefore the electric units high up would be preferable. 

The balcony, tank proper, and dressing rooms (being approximately 
at the top) are usually illuminated by six 5-mantel gas arcs with opal 
ball reflectors. This lighting seemed 


23 


to be fairly ■satisfactory, but it is recommended to replace these gas arcs 
by 300 watt gas-filled tungsten lamps in “Trutint Glass Globes.” It is 
recommended to have globes in place of the reflectors, so as to avoid the 
reflection of the bright filament in the water from affecting the attend¬ 
ants’ eyes while watching the tank. Where indirect units could be used, 
they would be used, they would be preferable. 

The boiler room is approximately 25' x 35' x 15' high. The present 
lighting equipment usually consists of a gas arc. It is recommended to 
install 150 watt lamp with enameled steel reflector for general lighting, 
drop cords with proper reflectors for lighting of steam and water gauges. 

Daylight lighting in all cases was good, being due to large sky-light 
over tank. 


It is recommended to install at least a 100 watt lamp over stairs 
leading to balcony most of these stairs being dark. 


Summary for 
Natatoriums. 


Natatoriums inspected . 

Natatoriums under construction. 

Gas lighting in. 

Electric and gas lighting in. 

Natatoriums wired, outlets usually in proper places. 

Natatoriums having no electric wiring. 

namely, the one at 7th and Prairie and the one at Mitchell 
and Greenbush. 


6 

1 

4 

1 

4 


Lighting of 

Isolation 

Hospital. 


The office is 7' x 20'. The present lighting equipment consists of 
one two-light combination fixture, with reflectors white on the inside and 
green on the outside. It is recommended to install two indirect units 
for this office. According to the matron, this office is only temporary, 
until the administration building is completed, which may effect this 
recommendation. 


24 








Lighting of 

Municipal 

Warehouse. 


The corridors are 20'x 10' x 15' high. The present lighting equip¬ 
ment consists of two hemispherical bowls set against the ceiling. This 
lighting seems to be satisfactory, but might be made more satisfactory 
and efficient by installing concentrating Holophane reflectors. 

The kitchen is 25' x 25'. The present lighting consists of five 
two-arm combination fixtures, in locations which are correct. It is 
suggested that these fixtures be replaced by chain drops and proper 
prismatic reflectors, and to install five 100 watt lamps in place of the ten 
40 watt lamps used at present, for improved lighting. 

Temporary Nurses’ Dining Room has chain drops fixture with Holo¬ 
phane reflectors, and is satisfactory. 

The public wards are all illuminated by means of seven 5-arm in¬ 
direct X-Ray fixtures, which are satisfactory. A bracket light with a 
low wattage lamp is located above the head of each cot, using the white 
and green reflectors, which arrangement is satisfactory. 

The bath room, service room and nurses’ room are satisfactory. It 
is suggested to place indirect units in the private wards, providing these 
locations are permanent. 

The size of the first floor is 35' x 48' x 15' high, and has also an office, 
size 15' x 15' partitioned off on this floor, with a large freight elevator in 
corner. The present lighting equipment consists of two drop cords and 
1G c. p. lamps. The office lighting equipment consists of one 150 watt 
lamp, with no reflectors on above drops. 

It is recommended to install four 250 watt lamps with enameled 
steel reflectors placed close to the ceiling for general lighting of floor; 
office lighting, one 250 watt lamp close to ceiling, using prismatic reflec¬ 
tors. 


25 


The second floor is of the same size as the first floor. The present 
lighting equipment consists of three drop cords, with two 100 watt lamps 
and one 40 watt lamp, it is recommended to install five 250 watt lamps 
with enameled steel reflectors close to the ceiling. 

The third floor is of the same size as the first floor. This floor has 
some shelving on it. The present lighting equipment consists of nine 
drop cords, with three 16 c.p., three 40 watt, and one 150 watt lamps, 
with two others not in use. It is recommended to install, for the general 
lighting, four 250 watt lamps with enameled steel reflectors close to 
ceiling, six 40 watt drop cord lamps with enameled steel reflectors between 
shelves. 

The fourth floor is the same as the second. 

The fifth lloor is the same as the second. 

The basement is of the same size as .the first floor, except that it 
extends under the sidewalk. The present wiring is exposed knob con¬ 
struction with nine drop cords and underground lamps. 

The basement contains about 50 barrels of oil, and tins of gasoline, 
and the floor is very oily. It is strongly recommended that this basement 
be re-wired in rigid wire conduit, using sign receptacles, and putting wire 
guards on lamps. 

It is recommended to install about twelve outlets, with 60 watt 
lamps and lamp guards, no reflectors being needed, as the ceiling is about 
7' high, and no close work is done there. 

For the elevator, it is recommended to install one 150 watt lamp, 
with enameled steel reflector. 

The entire building is wired with cleat work or exposed knobs, and 
the wiring is in hazardous condition. It is recommended that the build¬ 
ing be immediately rewired in rigid iron conduit, as the entire stock 
is very in- 


26 - 


flammable. Oil, gasoline, brooms, waste, etc., comprise most of the stock, 
and the building has wood floors and ceilings. Jt is also recommended 
to install about eight drop cords with enameled steel reflectors at stair 
landings, as they are quite dark. 


27 


B'l'd'g 


© 

Room or Department 

Aria 

Present 

Present 

1 

Recom. 

Recom. 


Uu 

Sq. Ft. 

L't'g 

Wattage 

L’t’g 

Wattage 

Notes 

8 

1 

Tuberculosis Dept. 

| 800 

B-C 

400 

M 

500 



: Reference Library . 

| 1,600 

H 

1,200 

XT 

1,800 




IN 



Stationary Engnr. 

900 

A 

400 

M 

500 





iVl 



Standardization Dept. 

500 

A 

250 

M 

250 







Lavatories. 

225 

A 

150 

AT 

tioo 

For all 




1VJL 

Lava- 








torles 


City Atty. Genl. Office. 

1,600 

c 

640 

M 

$500 

Only 2 
Outlets 


7 Private Rooms. 

3,000 

p 

2,800 

N 

3,000 



. 




Library . 

1,760 

p 

2,160 

XT 

2,250 





In 



Vaults . 

225 

E 

160 

Ceiling 

Ball 

§150 

For all 
Vaults 


Office right of Entrance. 

• 300 

C 

320 

M 

250 



Custodian’s Office and Rooms. 

1,225 

A 

800 

M 

500 


t 

District Court. 

4,500 

B-A 

6,080 

N 

*6,000 

Set 



Report 


Bull Pen. 

900 

A 

200 

M • 

250 







Bull Pen . 

270 

A 

200 

M 

150 






Consultation Room . 

750 

A 

4 00 

N 

800 



4 Private Chambers . 

2,500 

B 

1,600 

N 

2,500 



Consultation Room . 

180 

A 

4 00 

N 

250 . 



Paving Chemist . 

420 

B 

240 

M 

200 



Civil Service Entrance . 

1,600 

A 

1,200 

M 

750 


| 

Exam. Room . 

1,760 

C 

2,160 

1 

M 

1,500 


1 

Genl. Office . 

1 

1,500 

A 

2,000 

1 

M 

1,250 



Secy. Private Office . 

375 

A-B 

450 

V 1 

400 


l 

Plumbing Inspector . 

1 

375 

B 

150 

M 

250 



i 

Plumbing Inspector . . 

180 

B 

200 

M 

1 

100 


1 1 

Plumbing Inspector . i 

1 1 

3 7 5 

B 

320 

M | 

i 

250 


1 

I Sewerage Com. Drftg. Room. . . 

i 

720 

D 

2,000 

n ; 

1,500 


i 

9 Offir-ps . 

300 

D 

500 

480 

M 

200 

500 



Commis. Room. 

450 

B 

N 



Chief Engnr. 

1 

900 

B 

250 

N 

1,000 















































































Area 

Present 

Present 

Recom. 

Recom. 

Sq. Ft. 

1 

L't'g 

Wattage 

L’t’g 

Wattage 

720 

B 

1 

515 

M 

400 

7 20 

B 

4 50 

M 

1 

400 

[ 

675 

C 

250 

M 

300 

930 

B 

480 

M 

| 450 

330 

B 

240 

M 

200 

750 

B 

300 

M 

300 

■ 600 

A 

960 

M 

300 

450 

B 

200 

N 

500 


Inclos- 



I 

600 

ingf 

Glass- 

120 

M 

300 


ware 




600 

E 

900 

M 

300 

225 

B 

200 

M 

150 

225 

B 

150 

M 

150 

1,760 

Shower and 
Hemispheri- 

4,020 

N 

2,000 

cal Bowl 



300 

B 

100 

N 

300 

1,200 

B-C 

780 

M 

800 

600 

B 

640 

M 

400 

3,328 

A-B 

6,000 

N 

*4,000 

500 

B 

400 

N 

600 

900 

B 

640 

N 

1,200 

480 

B 

• 

480 - 

N 

600 

1,080 

B 

720 

N 

1,200 

400 

A 

500 

N 

500 

450 

B 

640 

M 

250 

4u0 

B 

320 

M i 

250 

1,500 

A-B 

1,650 

N 

i 

1,800 

4 50 

A 

1,200 

M 

300 

450 

B 

320 

M 

300 

450 

C 

400 

M 

250 

970 

C 

480 

M j 

600 


I oom or Department 


Notes 


City 

Hall 


6 Health Dept. Labr. 

I 

Office. 

i 

Entrance and 2 small offices. . . 

I 

i Sanitary Insp,. 

Phone Ex. . .. 

Chemical Lab... 

Fire Dept. Entrance. 

Secty. and Supt. Room. 

Operating Room Entrance.... 

Storage Battery Room. 

Motor Gen. Room. 

Repair Room .. 

I Operating Room. 

I 

Asst. Secty. 

Health Dept. 4 Offices. 

I 

I Vital Statistics . . . . , .. 

Municipal Court. 

I 

j Judge Backus’ Room. 

I 

Court Rept. Clks. and Ante-rm. 

Stenos. J Room. 

Main Office. 

Entrance to Munic. Court. 

Dist. Atty. Entrance. 

Filing Room. j 

4 Prlv. Offices and Stenos.’ Rm.i 

Tax Com. Entrance.| 

■ 

Supt. Sewers (2 offices).. j 

i 

Tax Com. Genl. Office.j 


Tax Com. Corridor. 


See 

Report 







































































City 

Hall 


Floor 

Room or Department 

Area 

Sq. Ft. 


Tax Com. Office. 

1,760 


Private Room. 

216 


Drftg. Room. 

216 


Probation Officer . 

240 


P-obation Officer . 

240 

4 

Supt. Bridges (3 rooms). 

67 5 


Drftg. Room. 

465 


Entrance . 

300 


Park Com. Entrance. 

330 


Park Com. Genl. 

840 


Park Com. Meeting Room.... 

572 


City Engnr. Office, Drrtg Rm.. 

840 


Anteroom. 

1 20 


Private Office . 

225 


Genl. Office. 

l,05li 


Drftg. Room . 

716 

3 

Smoke Tnsp. 

360 


Board Public Works. 

400 


Genl. Office. 

l,2b0 


C enl. Office. 

1,260 


/jsb Collection . 

375 


Map Room . 

1,100 


Supt. Str. Const. 

600 


Supt. Str. Const., Private. 

400 


Supt. Water Works. 

500 


Supt. Water Works. . .. 

3 75 


Supt. Water Wks. Genl. Office. 

900 

2 

Mayor’s Office Entrance. 

750 


Mayor’s Office Lobby. 

728 


Present 

L’t’g 

Present 

Wattage 

Recom. 

L’t'g 

Recom. 

Wattage 

Notes 

C 

1,440 

M 

1,000 


C 

240 

N 

250 


C 

240 

N 

400 


B 

240 

M 

150 


B 

240 

M 

150 


B 

700 

M 

400 


B 

320 

N 

600 


B 

320 

M 

150 


B 

200 

M 

150 


B 

480 

M 

500 


B 

600 

N 

750 


Halo Retl 
on Drop 
Cords 

800 

N 

O 

O 


Holo Retl 
on Drop 
Cords 

100 

M 

100 


B? 

9 

N 

11300 

Office 

Locked 

B 

960 

M 

700 


Drop 

Cords 

730 

N 

1,500 


B 

240 

M 

250 


B 

320 

M 

250 


D 

720 

M 

750 


B 

480 

M 

750 


B 

320 

M 

250 


B-C 

1,200 

M 

j 

750 


C 

480 

M 

400 


C 

160 

N 

500 


B 

240 

N 

600 


C 

160 

N 

400 


B 

1,120 

M 

700 


C 

800 

M 

500 


C 

720 

N 

900 













































































Koom or Department 

Area 

Sq. Ft. 

Present 

L't'g 

Present 

Wattag* 

Recom. 

L’t’g 

Recom. 

Wattage 

Ante Room. 

120 

C 

160 

N 

200 

Yellow Room . 

500 

c 

960 

N 

750 

Rose Room. 

520 

c 

450 

N 

750 

Mayor’s Office. 

270 

c 

240 

N 

300 

City Electrician . 

216 

B 

160 

M 

150 

City Atty. Genl. 

360 

B 

400 

M 

250 

3 Small Offices. 

500 

B 

1,120 

M 

750 

Municipal Research. 

324 

B 

240 

M 

150 

Drftg. Room. 

450 

B 

480 

N 

800 

Election Com., 3 Rooms. 

825 

B 

640 

M 

600 

Long Room. 

600 

B 

640 

M 

400 

City Clerk, Main Office. 

2,040 

B 

1,920 

M 

1,500 

City Clerk, Private. 

300 

C 

320 

N 

400 

City Clerk, Private. 

300 

C 

320 

N 

400 

Committee Room. 

725 

B 

720 

M 

500 

Municipal Research. 

500 

B 

600 

M 

300 

Municipal Research Entrance.. 

946 

B 

320 

M 

500 

Deputy Comptr. 

625 

B 

400 

N 

750 

Comptr Private. 

300 

B 

320 

N 

400 

Comptr. Genl. 

900 

B 

1,280 

M 

800 

South Hall . 

1,200 

D 

500 

M 

750 

Fire Dept. 

600 

C 

320 

M 

400 

Fire Dept. 2 Offices. 

580 

C 

400 

M 

300 

Private Office. 

400 

C 

320 

N 

500 

Chief’s Office. 

225 

C 

160 

N 

300 

Chief’s Office. 

270 

B 

200 

N 

400 

Water Dept. 

2,700 

B 

2,040 

M 

1,800 

City Treas. 

2,040 

B 

1,500 

M 

111,800 

N. Entrance . 

1,875 

D 

250 

M 

750 


Notes 


Estimato 

Office 

Locked 

































































bo 

CO 

Floor 

Room or epartment 

Area 

Sq Ft. 

Present 

L't'g 

Present 

Wattage 

Recom. 

L’t'g 

Recom. 

Wattage 

nole§ 

City 

Hall 

Council Chamber . 

6,162 

A-B 

16,320 

N 

*10,000 

See 

Report 



Locker Room. 

600 

a-b 

800 

M 

500 




Basemt. Corridors . 

3,300 

Drop 

Cords 

175 

M 

500 




Stair Landings. 


A-B 

Appri. 2,500 

M 

2,500 




8 Passages around Light Well. 

18,400 

Column 

Brkts 

20,800 

N or M 

*12,800 

See 

Report 


Total . 

1 



122,460 


106,400 



SUMMARY CITY HALL. 


Number of rooms inspected, 171. 


Present Lighting. 

Number of Rooms having “A” Lighting. 21 

Number of Rooms having “A-B” Lighting. 26 

Number of Rooms having “B” Lighting. 71 

Number of Rooms having “B-C” Lighting. 5 

Number of Rooms having “C” Lighting. 36 

Number of Rooms having “D” Lighting. 3 

Number of Rooms having “E” Lighting. 2 

Number of Rooms having Drop Cord Lighting. 4 

Number of Rooms having .Special Fixtures. 2 

Number of Rooms having Indirect Lighting. 1 


Total present wattage, 122,4 60. 171 

Recommended Lighting. 

Total recommended wattage, 106,400. 

Number of Rooms recommended for “M” Lighting. 110 

Number of Rooms recommended for “N” Light.ng. 61 


171 

Summary in Departments. 


Dept. 

Floor Area 

Present Lighting 

Wattage 

Recom. Light 

Recom, Wattage 

Health Dept. 

5,645 

B-C 

3,515 

M-N 

3,250 

City Atty.. 

6,360 

B-C 

5,600 

M-N 

5,750 

Dist. Court. 

9,100 

A-B 

8,880 

N 

9,950 

Civil Service. 

5,235 

A-B-C 

4,610 

M 

4,000 

Fire Dept. 

4,760 

A-B-E-Sp. 

6,650 

M-N 

4,00 0 

Munic. Court . 

6,688 

A-B 

8,740 

N 

8,100 

Dist. Atty. 

2,350 

A-B 

2,610 

M-N 

2,300 

Tax Com. 

4,062 

C 

4,000 

M-N 

3,000 

Park Com. 

1,742 

B 

1,280 

M-N 

1,500 

City Engnr. 

. 2,830 

Drop Cords 

2,015 

M-N 

2,600 

Bd. of Pub. Wks.. 

4,395 

B-C 

3,040 

M 

2,750 

Water Works. 

4,475 

B-C 

3,560 

M-N 

3,500 

Mayor’s Room . 

. 2,888 

C 

3,380 

N 

3,400 

City Clerk . 

. 2,640 

B-C 

2,560 

M-N 

2,300 

Compt. and City Trsr. 

. 3,840 

B 

3,500 

M 

3,800 

Council Chamber. 

. 6,162 

A-B 

16,320 

N 

10,000 

Passages. 

. 18,400 

B 

20,800 

M or N 

12,800 


































































VAUGHN, MEYER &. SWEET, FRED G. SIMMONS, 

CONSULTING ENGINEERS. COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC WORKS, 













On June 8th, 1914, the Common Council of the City of Milwaukee passed 
a resolution authorizing the employment of an engineer to make a thorough 
study of the Milwaukee street lighting problem. On June 22nd, 1914, Mr. 
F. A. Vaughn was appointed as Engineer of Street Lighting Survey. On June 
22nd, 1915, after a full year devoted to a study of the Milwaukee street lighting 
problem, Mr. Vaughn brought in his report. This report has already been 
published by the City of Milwaukee. 

In the preparation of the original report, it was considered ill-advised to 
take space for presenting detailed figures relating to cost and character of in¬ 
stallation. Rather, it was considered that the interests of the City of Milwau¬ 
kee would be better served if this information were separately presented in a 
supplementary report. 

At the time of making the original report, it was expected that the supple¬ 
mentary report would be issued within two or three months thereafter. The 
circumstances attending the consideration of this problem, however, were not 
such as to make it necessary to present the supplementary report within the 
above-specified time. The first six months following the presentation of the 
original report have been largely devoted, on the part of the public, to a dis¬ 
cussion, general in character, of the recommendations contained therein. The 
publication heretofore of detailed figures would only have served to distract 
attention from the consideration of the main issues presented in the original 
report. When, more recently, the public discussion in detail of the various 
recommendations made it desirable that the supplementary report, giving de¬ 
tailed information, be issued, it was found that several changes in conditions 
had occurred in the intervening eight months since the original report was pre¬ 
sented. Most important among these changes were a considerable increase in 
the efliciency of some of the types of lamp recommended and an increase in 
the prices of most of the material required in the installation of the system. 
Accordingly, all the cost elements in the recommended system have been most 
carefully gone over and the figures corrected and brought up to date to Janu¬ 
ary 1st, 1916. 

In presenting this supplementary report, it has been, to some degree, 
necessary to review and to re present certain of the considerations contained 
in the original report. This duplication of subject matter, however, has been 
reduced to the minimum amount consistent with making the supplementary 
report useful to those who have not had full opportunity of studying the 
original report. 

The issue of this supplementary report consists of five hundred complete 
copies and two thousand summary copies. This is a summary copy. 


Supplementary Report 


on 


Street Lighting Survey 
City of Milwaukee 


To the Citizen of Milwaukee: 


This report sets forth in detail the great improvement in street lighting 
service which can be achieved, at % little or no increase in cost, through a 
scientific study of the street lighting problem. 

In comparing this report with other discussions of this subject, remember 
that this is the report of your engineers, employed to serve your interests. It 
is quite proper that you should carefully analyze and accept only after due 
consideration the recommendations of your engineers. But if, without ade 
quate investigation, you accept at equal face value the statements of engineers 
employed to serve interests opposed to your own, you will yourself have to pay 
your share of the gain which those interests are seeking to obtain. 


VAUGHN, MEYER & SWEET, 
Consulting Engineers. 


FRED G. SIMMONS, 
Commissioner of Public Works. 


This report is published as a public document by the City of Milwaukee, 
under authority of Common Council Resolution, File No. 10397. 



Supplementary Report 

on 

Street Lighting 

PART 1.—SUMMARY 

1. The recommended new street lighting system provides Milwaukee with 
8821 lamps of an average candle-power of 387 c.p., as compared with the 
present system of 5746 lamps of an average candle-power of 167 c.p. The 
recommended new system will therefore provide approximately 3 y 2 times more 
light than the present system. Due to more advantageous placement of 
street lights, the relative improvement in service will be greater than indi¬ 
cated by the above figures. 

The new system will provide for placing 88% of the street lighting circuits 
underground, whereas the present system has only 33% of its circuits under¬ 
ground. 

The new system provides that 72% of the lamp supports will be of orna¬ 
mental type, while unobtrusive and unobjectionable straight steel or concrete 
poles are used for the remaining 28%. The electric lamps of the present sys¬ 
tem are chiefly supported from rough wood poles which are more or less un¬ 
sightly, though a few are supported on steel poles of rather crude design. The 
gas posts of the present system are of the familiar type, a type which caunot 
with propriety be called ornamental. The present system employs no lamp 
supports which could correctly be called ornamental. 

• 2 . Under the recommended new system, the average cost per lamp of 

average candle-power,—387 c.p.—will be $37.06 per year. This cost figure in¬ 
cludes all energy, maintenance and investment elements. Under the present 
system, comprising gas and electric lamps, the average cost per lamp of 
average candle-power—167 c.p.—is $40.54 per year. In addition to this ma¬ 
terial advantage of increased service at decreased cost, the new system pro¬ 
vides the attractiveness of underground circuits and ornamental posts. 

3. Under the present system of street lighting, Milwaukee has, with the 
possible exception of Jersey City, N. J., the most inadequately lighted streets 
of any city of similar size in America. 

In 1915, Milwaukee spent $232,910 for street lighting service. This repre¬ 
sents a per-capita-per-year cost of $ .54. This is too low an expenditure to pro¬ 
vide adequate street lighting, even with a scientifically designed system giving 
maximum returns per dollar expended. 


1 


Of the thirteen cities having a population in 1915 between 300,000 and 
600,000, eight make practically the same per capita per year expenditure for 
street lighting,—about $.95 per capita. Two, Milwaukee and Jersey City, 
spend by far the least,—$ .54 and $ .55 per capita respectively. The remaining 
three cities fall in a group together at a per capita expenditure approximating 
$.70. (See Fig. 1, page 5.) 

$.95 per capita per year may be taken as the present street lighting 
expenditure level for progressive cities of Milwaukee’s size, as established by 
the practice of 75% of the cities of this size. 

Under the recommended street lighting system, Milwaukee’s annual ex¬ 
penditure, including all energy, maintenance and investment elements, will 
be $326,846, or a i»er capita per year cost of $ .77. 

Under the recommended street lighting system, Milwaukee will become 
the best-lighted city of its size in America, and that at an annual expenditure 
about 20% lower than the expenditure level established by the progressive 
cities of similar size. 

In submitting the detailed plans for the recommended system, the en¬ 
gineers also submitted complete plans for an ultimate system representing 
standards far in advance of present-day street lighting practice. If Milwaukee 
is willing to spend annually a similar amount to Baltimore, Buffalo, Cincin¬ 
nati, or Washington, about $1.00 per capita, this ultimate system can at once 
be installed and operated. In addition to furnishing the citizens with all the 
advantages of splendid street lighting service, the installation at this time of 
the ultimate street lighting system would bring Milwaukee into nation-wide 
prominence as a wonderfully well-lighted city. 


4 . The estimated annual cost for street lighting under the recommended 
new system are divided as follows between the various cost elements: 


Electrical Energy .$79,269 

Gas . 16,965 

Total Annual Energy Cost . $ 96,234 

Maintenance, Gas . 24,264 

Maintenance, Electric, Materials and Supplies. 64,174 

Maintenance, Electric, Labor. 35,927 

Maintenance, Service, Laboratory. 8,333 

Total Annual Maintenance Cost. $132,698 

Interest on 4%%, 20 year Bonds (average). 31,419 

Cancellation of Bonds . 66,495 

Total Annual Investment Cost. $ 97,914 

Total Annual Cost .$326,846 





















5 . Milwaukee should own its street lighting distribution system,—that 
is, the street lamps, supporting posts and poles, underground cable, etc. Such 
ownership involves material saving to the city in the matter of annual 
charges on investment, this saving arising from the more favorable interest 
rates at which the city is able to borrow rnonev and from the fact that the eitv 
amortizes the investment over its true useful life and not over any contract or 
estimated life. 

The argument that a municipality cannot conduct its business as effi¬ 
ciently as can a privately operated company, whether true or false, has abso¬ 
lutely no bearing whatever on the question of whether the city should own 
its street lighting distribution system. Municipal inefficiency, if any, is al¬ 
ways and necessarily connected with operation, particularly with the labor 
elements of operation. Mere ownership does not, in itself, necessarily involve 
any features of operation and hence cannot be affected by municipal efficiency 
or inefficiency. 

The only sound argument which can be adduced against ownership by the 
citv of the street lighting distribution system is that which would exist if it 
could be shown that such ownership would involve duplication of existing use¬ 
ful equipment. If the street lighting circuits were to be predominantly over¬ 
head, there would be a considerable element of such duplication. With under¬ 
ground circuits equal to 88% of the circuit mileage, representing 98% of the 
circuit investment, the element of duplication does not exist: for the armored 
cable type of underground system recommended by the street lighting survey 
can be installed new at a lower cost than that involved in attempting the 
utilize the existing conduit system. In the body of this report there is pre¬ 
sented extensive data disproving any claim that the existing underground 
facilities of the T. M. E. It. & L. Co. can be utilized with advantage to the city 
in the matter of decreased installation cost or in the matter of decreased 
annual investment charges. 

As compared with ownership by the electric company under the most 
favorable form of contract which said company could make without involving 
itself in actual loss, the saving to the city in directly owning the street light¬ 
ing distribution system will be not less than $20,000 per year. As compared 
with ownership by the electric company under the form of contract which has 
regularly had the approval of the Railroad Commission in the past, owner¬ 
ship directly by the city would result in a saving of not less than $35,000 per 
year. 

The fundamental principle of utility regulation, backed by decisions of 
commission and court, is incompatible with any arrangement which would in¬ 
volve the lighting company doing any portion of its business at a loss. The 
reason for this is that such losses are always made up by increased rates to 
other consumers, thus forcing such consumers to bear an unfair burden. The 
lighting company being thus prohibited by law from providing the street light¬ 
ing distribution system at rates involving loss, the ownership of such system 
by the company would mean an excessive burden upon the city of at least 
$20,000 iter year. 


3 


Whatever arrangements may be made with respect to the maintenance 
or operation of the street lighting distribution system, the City of Milwaukee 
should own such system. 

6 . It is recommended that Milwaukee maintain the street lighting dis¬ 
tribution system,—that is, clean the globes, replace burned-out lamps, etc. 

If it be assumed that municipally-employed labor of the grade here under 
consideration is only three-fourths as efficient as privately-employed labor, the 
wastes involved in municipal maintenance are just a trifle less than the mini¬ 
mum profit which could be allowed to the lighting company in connection with 
this service. In view of this fact, and in view of the further fact that the past 
relations of the City of Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Electric Railway & 
Light Co. have been characterized by constant disagreements and contention, 
it is considered that the best interests of Milwaukee will be served by the city 
directly undertaking the maintenance of the street lighting distribution 
system. 

7 . If a fair rate for electrical energy can be obtained, a rate at the very 
outside not exceeding $ .01 per kilowatt-hour, it is recommended that Milwau¬ 
kee purchase electrical energy for operating the street lighting system. 




4 


ILLUSTRATIONS 



* New Orleans, 1915, figures not available. Figures given are for 1912 


FIG. 1. PER CAPITA STREET LIGHTING COSTS 
CITIES 300,000 TO 600,000 POPULATION 

1915 

Figures given cover complete street lighting costs, including all energy maintenance 

and investment elements 


$ 






5 



















































FIG. 2a FIG. 2 

30-FT. DOUBLE BRACKET AND 30-FT. SINGLE BRACKET 

CONCRETE POSTS 




TYPE OF LIGHT UNIT FOR MAIN BUSINESS DISTRICT 
Double-bracket post is used on such main avenues as Grand Avenue. Single-bracket 
post is used on all streets of the down-town business district, except on 
main avenues where double bracket post is used 


6 







FIG. 3 


22/4 FT. SINGLE BRACKET 
CONCRETE POST 


TYPE OF LIGHT UNIT FOR 

SECONDARY BUSINESS DISTRICTS 

Similar posts of double bracket type are 
used on such main avenues as 
Mitchell Street 



FIG. 5 

15-FT. HARP TYPE 
CONCRETE POST 

TYPE OF LIGHT UNIT FOR 

RESIDENCE DISTRICTS 

This type of post is used in conjunct¬ 
ion with the suspension type support, 
Fig. 4, in lighting residence districts. 
The harp type post is used between 
street intersections on long blocks,while 
the suspension type is used at street in¬ 
tersections. The harp type post is also 
extensively used in lighting such boule¬ 
vards as Prospect Avenue, the residence 
portion of Grand Avenue, etc. 












\ 



7 






V) 

H 

U 

5 

Z S 
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2 ® g 

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1/5 V "y 

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3 


to 


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CL 
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2*4 

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3 « -. 

>* -C r* 
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1'2’S! 

1 2 o£ 

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.2 *> c C 

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8 



































FIG. 6. ONE TYPE OF BOULEVARD INSTALLATION 
GRAND AVENUE LOOKING EAST FROM 16 TH STREET 
This type of installation is employed on boulevards which have no center parkway. 


















FIG. 8. METHOD OF INSTALLING ARMORED CABLE ON STREETS 
HAVING PARKWAY BETWEEN SIDEWALK AND CURB 

Cable is merely buried in earth, next to the curb, to a depth of about.15 inches 



FIG. 7. ARMORED CABLE SHOWING VARIOUS LAYERS 


9. 

Stranded Copper Conductor 

4. 

Steel Tape, jV inch thick 

8. 

Rubber Insulation 

3. 

Steel Tape, inch thick 

7. 

Impregnated Cotton Tape 

2. 

Double Layer Impregnated Paper 

6. 

Lead Sheath 

1 . 

Impregnated Jute 

5. 

Double Layer Impregnated Paper 




This is the type of cable most largely used for the underground street lighting circuits. In some cases, two 
conductor cable is employed, each conductor being embedded in rubber, and hence amply 

insulated from the other 


10 






FIG. 9. METHOD OF INSTALLING ARMORED CABLE ON STREETS 
WHERE SIDEWALK EXTENDS TO CURB 


Bricks next to curb are removed and cable laid in sand fill just below brick surfacing 















fv— v 




v\ 









FIG. 10. CIRCUIT AREAS OF PRESENT STREET LIGHTING 

SYSTEM 


Black areas represent areas not covered by present electric service. 

Shaded areas represent areas covered by two overlapping present circuits. 

Dotted lines show location of important traffic streets. Note that division be¬ 
tween adjacent circuits, does not generally fall on such streets. 

Note that circuit areas are of a very irregular character. This results in ineffi¬ 
cient, unduly long routing of circuits. 


12 




















































































FIG. 11. CIRCUIT AREAS OF RECOMMENDED STREET LIGHTING 

SYSTEM 

Note that division between adjacent circuits generally falls on important traffic streets 
so that the lamps on such streets may be fed, some from one circuit, some from the other. 

Note that circuit areas are of a very regular character. This results in efficient, short 
routing of circuits. 









13 















































































I 















VAUGHN, MEYER & SWEET, FRED G. SIMMONS, 

CONSULTING ENGINEERS. COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC WORKS. 















On June 8th, 1914, the Common Council of the City of Milwaukee passed 
a resolution authorizing the employment of an engineer to make a thorough 
study of the Milwaukee street lighting problem. On June 22nd, 1914, Mr. 
F. A. Vaughn was appointed as Engineer of Street Lighting Survey. On June 
22nd, 1915, after a full year devoted to a study of the Milwaukee street lighting 
problem, Mr. Vaughn brought in his report. This report has already been 
published by the City of Milwaukee. 

In the preparation of the original report, it was considered ill-advised to 
take space for presenting detailed figures relating to cost and character of in¬ 
stallation. Father, it was considered that the interests of the City of Milwau¬ 
kee would be better served if this information were separately presented in a 
supplementary report. 

At the time of making the original report, it was expected that the supple¬ 
mentary report would be issued within two or three months thereafter. The 
circumstances attending the consideration of this problem, however, were not 
such as to make it necessary to present the supplementary report within the 
above-specified time. The first six months following the presentation of the 
original report have been largely devoted, on the part of the public, to a dis¬ 
cussion, general in character, of the recommendations contained therein. The 
publication heretofore of detailed figures would only have served to distract 
attention from the consideration of the main issues presented in the original 
report. When, more recently, the public discussion in detail of the various 
recommendations made it desirable that the supplementary report, giving de¬ 
tailed information, be issued, it was found that several changes in conditions 
had occurred in the intervening eight months since the original report was pre¬ 
sented. Most important among these changes were a considerable increase in 
the efficiency of some of the types of lamp recommended and an increase in 
the prices of most of the material required in the installation of the system. 
Accordingly, all the cost elements in the recommended system have been most 
carefully gone over and the figures corrected and brought up to date to Janu¬ 
ary 1st, 191G. 

In presenting this supplementary report, it. has been, to some degree, 
necessary to review and to re-present certain of the considerations contained 
in the original report. This duplication of subject matter, however, has been 
reduced to the minimum amount consistent with making the supplementary 
report useful to those who have not had full opportunity of studying the 
original report. 

The issue of this supplementary report consists of five hundred complete 
copies and two thousand summary copies. This is a complete copy. 



Supplementary Report 


on 

Street Lighting Survey 
City of Milwaukee 


To the Citizen of Milwaukee: 

This report sets forth in detail the great improvement in street lighting 
service which can be achieved, at little or no increase in cost, through a 
scientific study of the street lighting problem. 

In comparing this report with other discussions of this subject, remember 
that this is the report of your engineers, employed to serve your interests. It 
is quite proper that you should carefully analyze and accept only after due 
consideration the recommendations of your engineers. But if, without ade 
quate investigation, you accept at equal face value the statements of engineers 
employed to serve interests opposed to your own, you will yourself have to pay 
your share of the gain which those interests are seeking to obtain. 


VAUGHN, MEYER & SWEET, FEED G. SIMMONS, 

Consulting Engineers. Commissioner of Public Works. 

This report is published as a public document by the City of Milwaukee, 
under authority of Common Council Resolution, File No. 10397. 




Supplementary Report 

on 

Street Lighting 

PART 1.—SUMMARY 

1. The recommended new street lighting system provides Milwaukee with 
8821 lamps of an average candle-power of 387 c.p., as compared with the 
present system of 5746 lamps of an average candle-power of 167 c.p. The 
recommended new system will therefore provide approximately 3*4 times more 
light than the present system. Due to more advantageous placement of 
street lights, the relative improvement in service will be greater than indi¬ 
cated by the above figures. 

The new system will provide for placing 88% of the street lighting circuits 
underground, whereas the present system has only 33% of its circuits under¬ 
ground. 

The new system provides that 72% of the lamp supports will be of orna¬ 
mental type, while unobtrusive and unobjectionable straight steel or concrete 
poles are used for the remaining 28%. The electric lamps of the present sys¬ 
tem are chiefly supported from rough wood poles which are more or less un¬ 
sightly, though a few are supported on steel poles of rather crude design. The 
gas posts of the present system are of the familiar type, a type which cannot 
with propriety be called ornamental. The present system employs no lamp 
supports which could correctly be called ornamental. 

2. Under the recommended new system, the average cost per lamp of 
average candle-power,—387 c.p.—will be $37.06 per year. This cost figure in¬ 
cludes all energy, maintenance and investment elements. Under the present 
system, comprising gas and electric lamps, the average cost per lamp of 
average candle-power—167 c.p.—is $40.54 per year. In addition to this ma¬ 
terial advantage of increased service at decreased cost, the new system pro¬ 
vides the attractiveness of underground circuits and ornamental posts. 

3. Under the present system of street lighting, Milwaukee has, with the 
possible exception of Jersey City, N. J., the most inadequately lighted streets 
of any city of similar size in America. 

In 1915, Milwaukee spent $232,910 for street lighting service. This repre¬ 
sents a per-capita-per-year cost of $ .54. This is too low an expenditure to pro¬ 
vide adequate street lighting, even with a scientifically designed system giving 
maximum returns per dollar ex^nded. 


1 


Of the thirteen cities having a population in 1915 between 300,000 and 
600,000, eight make practically the same per capita per year expenditure for 
street lighting,—about $ .95 per capita. Two, Milwaukee and Jersey City, 
spend by far the least,—$ .54 and $ .55 per capita respectively. The remaining 
three cities fall in a group together at a per capita expenditure approximating 
$.70. (See Fig. 1, page 33) 

$.95 per capita per year may be taken as the present street lighting 
expenditure level for progressive cities of Milwaukee’s size, as established by 
the practice of 75% of the cities of this size. 

Under the recommended street lighting system, Milwaukee's annual ex¬ 
penditure, including all energy, maintenance and investment elements, will 
be $326,846, or a per capita per year cost of $ .77. 

Under the recommended street lighting system, Milwaukee will become 
the best-lighted city of its size in America, and that at an annual expenditure 
about 20% lower than the expenditure level established by the progressive 
cities of similar size. 

In submitting the detailed plans for the recommended system, the en¬ 
gineers also submitted complete plans for an ultimate system representing 
standards far in advance of present-day street lighting practice. If Milwaukee 
is willing to spend annually a similar amount to Baltimore, Buffalo, Cincin¬ 
nati, or Washington, about $1.00 per capita, this ultimate system can at once 
be installed and operated. In addition to furnishing the citizens with all the 
advantages of splendid street lighting service, the installation at this time of 
the ultimate street lighting system would bring Milwaukee into nation-wide 
prominence as a wonderfully well-lighted city. 


4. The estimated annual cost for street lighting under the recommended 
new system are divided as follows between the various cost elements: 


Electrical Energy . $79,269 

Gas . 16,965 

Total Annual Energy Cost . $ 96,234 

Maintenance, Gas . 24,264 

Maintenance, Electric, Materials and Supplies. 64,174 

Maintenance, Electric, Labor. 35,927 

Maintenance, Service, Laboratory. 8,333 

Total Annual Maintenance Cost. $132,698 

Interest on 4^%, 20 year Bonds (average). 31,419 

Cancellation of Bonds . 66,495 

Total Annual Investment Cost. $ 97,914 

Total Annual Cost .$326,846 


2 


















5. Milwaukee should own its street lighting distribution system,—that 
is, the street lamps, supporting posts and poles, underground cable, etc. Such 
ownership involves material saving to the city in the matter of annual 
charges on investment, this saving arising from the more favorable interest 
rates at which the city is able to borrow money and from the fact that the city 
amortizes the investment over its true useful life and not over any contract or 
estimated life. 

The argument that a municipality cannot conduct its, business as effi¬ 
ciently as can a privately operated company, whether true or false, has abso¬ 
lutely no bearing whatever on the question of whether the city should own 
its street lighting distribution system. Municipal inefficiency, if any, is al¬ 
ways and necessarily connected with operation, particularly with the labor 
elements of operation. Mere ownership does not, in itself, necessarily involve 
any features of operation and hence cannot be affected by municipal efficiency 
or inefficiency. 

The only sound argument which can be adduced against ownership by the 
citv of the street lighting distribution system is that which would exist if it 
could be shown that such ownership would involve duplication of existing use¬ 
ful equipment. If the street lighting circuits were to be predominantly over¬ 
head, there would be a considerable element of such duplication. With under¬ 
ground circuits equal to 88% of the circuit mileage, representing 98% of the 
circuit investment, the element of duplication does not exist: foi* the armored 
cable type of underground system recommended by the street lighting survey 
can be installed new at a lower cost than that involved in attempting the 
utilize the existing conduit system. In the body of this report there is pre¬ 
sented extensive data disproving any claim that the existing underground 
facilities of the T. M. E. IT & L. Co. can be utilized with advantage to the city 
in the matter of decreased installation cost or in the matter of decreased 
annual investment charges. 

As compared with ownership by the electric company under the most 
favorable form of contract which said company could make without involving 
itself in actual loss, the saving to the city in directly owning the street light¬ 
ing distribution system will be not less than $20,000 per year. As compared 
with ownership by the electric company under the form of contract which has 
regularly had the approval of the Railroad Commission in the past, owner¬ 
ship directly by the city would result in a saving of not less than $35,000 per 
year. 

The fundamental principle of utility regulation, backed by decisions of 
commission and court, is incompatible with any arrangement which would in¬ 
volve the lighting company doing any portion of its business at a loss. The 
reason for this is that such losses are always made up by increased rates to 
other consumers, thus forcing such consumers to bear an unfair burden. The 
lighting company being thus prohibited by law from providing the street light¬ 
ing distribution system at rates involving loss, the ownership of such system 
by the company would mean an excessive burden upon the city of at least 

$20,000 per year. 


3 


Whatever arrangements may be made with respect to the maintenance 
or operation of the street lighting distribution system, the City of Milwaukee 
should own such system. 

6. It is recommended that Milwaukee maintain the street lighting dis¬ 
tribution system,—that is, clean the globes, replace burned-out lamps, etc. 

If it be assumed that municipally-employed labor of the grade here under 
consideration is only three-fourths as efficient as privately-employed labor, the 
wastes involved in municipal maintenance are just a trifle less than the mini¬ 
mum profit which could be allowed to the lighting company in connection with 
this service. In view of this fact, and in view of the further fact that the past 
relations of the Citv of Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Electric Railway & 
Light Co. have been characterized by constant disagreements and contention, 
it is considered that the best interests of Milwaukee will be served by the city 
directly undertaking the maintenance of the street lighting distribution 
system. 


7. If a fair rate for electrical energy can be obtained, a rate at the very 
outside not exceeding .$ .01 j>er kilowatt-hour, it is recommended that Milwau¬ 
kee purchase electrical energy for operating the street lighting system. 


4 


PART II.—COST CONSIDERATIONS 


Comparison of Cities in 
Street Lighting Ex¬ 
penditures. 


On January I s *. 1916, Milwaukee had, with the 
possible exception of Jersey City, N. J., the 
poorest lighted streets of any city in America 
of approximately similar size. This wholly in¬ 
adequate street lighting was due not merely to the use of antiquated and in¬ 
efficient street lamps, but to the inadequate annual expenditure made for 
street lighting purposes. Reference to Table 1 shows that Milwaukee paid in 
1015 the least per capita of the thirteen cities varying in population between 
300,000 and 000,000. 


Table 1. 

COST OF STREET LIGHTING SERVICE FOR CITIES OF 

300,000 - 600,000 

- 1915 - 


Population from Direct Advice of U. S. Bureau of Census. 

Total Annual Cost from Direct Advice of Department of Public Works of each 

respective city. 



Popu- 

Total 

Cost per 

City 

lation 

Cost 

Capita 

Baltimore, Md. 

.584,605 

$571,190 

$0.98 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 


527,817 

.92 

Detroit, Mich. 

. 554,717 

361,349 

.65 

Los Angeles, Cal. 


435,454 

.92 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

.461.335 

497,190 

1.08 

San Francisco, Cal. 

.456,009 

435,000 

.95 

Milwaukee, Wis. 

.428,062 

232,910 

.54 

Cincinnati, Ohio . 

.406,706 

399,422 

.98 



267,030 

.67 

*New Orleans, La. 

.350,695 

278,363 

*.79 



380,225 

1.06 

Minneapolis, Minn. 


312,193 

.88 



164,607 

.55 




.$ .84 


* Figures for 1915 not obtainable. Figures given are for 1912. 


5 




















Indeed, Milwaukee, at an annual expenditure of $.54 per capita, and 
Jersey City at an annual expenditure of $.55 ]>er capita, stand materially 
lower in street lighting expenditure than any of the remaining cities and far 
lower than the average of $.84 per capita. It is interesting to note that Mil¬ 
waukee pays just half as much ]>er capita as the city of Buffalo, N. Y., which, 
like Milwaukee, is a comparatively closely-built city. 

Fig. 1, page 33, presents in graphical form, the same data as Table 1. 

Milwaukee’s present street lighting expenditure is so low that, even with 
the adoption of the most modern and efficient lamps, and accessories, ade¬ 
quate street lighting cannot be obtained at such expenditure. It is, however, 
possible to give Milwaukee first-class street lighting at a cost appreciably 
lower than the average of cities of similar size and very materially lower than 
that paid by such cities as Buffalo, Washington, Baltimore, Cincinnati and 
San Francisco. The system recommended by the street lighting survey pro¬ 
vides for adequate street lighting service at a cost of $.77 per capita, 10% 
lower than the average per capita expenditure of cities of Milwaukee’s size. 

It will be recollected that the street lighting 
Detailed Character of Re- survey recommended different intensities of 
commended System. illumination for different streets, depending 

upon the service character of the street. For 
down-town promenade streets, an intensity of approximately .5 foot-camlles, 
or sixteen times the light of the full moon, was recommended. For down 
town business streets, not primarily used as promenade streets, and for the 
various great arteries of night traffic, such as upper Grand Avenue, Prospect 
Avenue, Third Street, and the like, an intensity of illumination four times 
that of the full moon was recommended. For secondary highways of traffic, 
such as 35th Street and Lincoln Avenue, an intensity twice that of the full 
moon was provided. For residence streets, an intensity equal to that of the 
full moon was provided, except in outlying, sparsely settled districts, where 
an intensity one-third that of the full moon was provided. 

This graduation in intensity of illumination, depending upon the character 
of the street served, was made possible by the use of different sizes of lamp, 
the separation between adjacent lamps being kept approximately the same. 
As was shown in the original report, this plan provides tremendously better 
street lighting results than would be the case if one size of lamp were used 
and the service varied by large differences in the spacing of lamps. 

The use of a new type of gas lamp, which cannot be distinguished either 
in appearin' 0 or in quality of service from the electric lamp of similar size, 
was recommended in the original report. By the use of such gas lamps, ma¬ 
terial savings can be made in the original cost of installation of the system. 

Table 2 presents the number of lamps of each of the various sizes, as pro¬ 
vided for under the recommended system. In some cases, two lamps are 
carried on the same pole; such two lamps are, as far as service qualities are 
concerned, exactly equivalent to one lamp of size equal to the combined sizes 
of the two. In Table 2, therefore, such two lamps on one post have been listed 
as a single unit of size equal to the combined size. 


6 


Table 2. 


NUMBER AND SIZE OF LIGHT UNITS 


RECOMMENDED SYSTEM 

No. Size and Type 

2022 100 c.p. «as 

1015 100 c.p. electric 

703 250 c.p. electric 

3200 400 c.p. electric 

59 500 c.p. electric 

1087 000 c.p. electric 

19 800 c.p. electric 

127 1000 c.p. electric 

80 1200 c.p. electric 

108 1600 c.p. electric 

248 2000 c.p. electric 

1 2400 c.p. electric 

2 4000 c.p. electric 

2022 Gas Units 

6799 Electric Units 

8821.Total Number Units, All Types 


Table 2 presents the number and size of light units to be employed under- 
the new system. It is also interesting to know the character of the lamp sup¬ 
ports to be employed. This is given in Table 3, due reference being made to 
the illustrations of each type of lamp support, which illustrations are to be 
found elsewhere in this report. 


Table 3. 

CHARACTER OF LAMP SUPPORT 


RECOMMENDED SYSTEM 

No. Type Illustration 

3452 15 ft. concrete post, harp type.Fig. 5, Page 35 

2499 22M* ft. suspensions, steel or concrete poles.Fig. 4, Page 36 

1924 221/2 ft. concrete post, single bracket.Fig. 3, Page 35 

142 22i/> ft. concrete post, double bracket.Note A 

429 30 ft. concrete post, single bracket.Fig. 2, Page 34 

302 30 ft. concrete post, double bracket.Fig 2-a. Page 34 

10 45 ft. concrete post, double bracket.Note P 

3 45 ft. concrete post, four bracket.Note B 

0322 Ornamental Concrete Posts. 

2499 Suspension type supports. 

8821 Total Number Units, All Types. 


Note A: Similar in general type to Fig. 3, Page 35, but with double bracket. 
Note B: Similar in general type and proportions to Fig. 2-a. Page 34._ 


7 



























It will be noted from Table 3 that 72% of the lamp supports employed in 
the new street lighting system will be of the ornamental type. The remaining 
28% of the lamp supports will be unobtrusive and unobjectionable, though 
not directly ornamental (see Fig. 4, page 30). The present system provides 
absolutely no ornamental supports of any sort. Indeed, the present lamp sup¬ 
ports are chiefly suspensions from rough wood poles, that, unlike the sus¬ 
pension type shown in Fig. 4, are objectionable and do detract from the ap¬ 
pearance of the street. 


Comparison of Present 
Street Lighting System 
with Proposed New 
System. 


Table 4 presents an interesting and valuable 
comparison between the present Milwaukee 
street lighting system and the proposed new 
system. In making this comparison, it has been 
necessary to first determine the size of in¬ 
candescent lamp which, when equipped with 
prismatic refractor, would give street lighting service equivalent to that given 
by the arc lamp or gas lamp of the present system. This procedure has been 
necessary because the present types of lamp very generally waste a considerable 
amount of light toward the sky; and it would obviously be improper to credit 
the present system with such wasted light, as though such light were efficiently 
used. Engineers throughout the country are in very general agreement that 
the 250 c.p. incandescent lamp equipped with refractor gives equally as satis¬ 
factory service as the 6.0 amp., A.C. enclosed arc lamp; and the substi¬ 
tution of such 250 c.p. units for the enclosed arc lamp is being very generally 
made by utilities throughout the country. Probably most engineers would 
consider the open arc as affording no better service than the enclosed arc, and 
hence would consider that the 250 c.p. lamp was equivalent to the open arc. 
It is the belief of the compilers of this report, however, that the old-time oi>en 
arc is really a superior street illuminant to the more recent enclosed arc, and 
that such open arc is nearly if not quite equivalent to the 400 c.p. incandescent 
lamp equipped with refractor globe. 

Reference to Table 4 shows that the new system provides a total of 8821 
lamps of average candle power of 2,87 c.p., as compared with the present sys¬ 
tem of 5740 lamps of average candle power of 107 c.p. The proposed new sys¬ 
tem will therefore provide approximately three and one-half times as much 
effective illumination as the old. 


8 


COMPARISON OF PRESENT MILWAUKEE STREET LIGHTING WITH STREET LIGHTING 

AFFORDED BY RECOMMENDED NEW SYSTEM 

Candle Power 



9 


Average size of light units, present system.107 c.p. 

Average size of light units, recommended system.387 c.p. 

























































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The amounts of electrical energy consumed under the present street Iight- 
ing system and under the recommended new street lighting system are shown 
in Table 5. 


The report of the. street lighting survey recommended that the city should 
own the street lighting distribution circuit, but should purchase from the 
lighting company the current for operating such circuit. As will be seen from 
the above table, the operation of the recommended system will require nearly 
twice as much current as does the operation of the present system. This large 


increase in amount of electrical energy to be furnished ought to make the 
prospective business much more attractive to the lighting company than the 
present business, unless the profits in furnishing service on the present basis 
have been very excessive. 


The relative and absolute amounts of underground circuit under pave¬ 
ment, of underground circuit under dirt or turf, and of overhead circuit are 
presented by Table G. 


Table G. 

RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE AMOUNTS OF UNDERGROUND 

AND OVERHEAD CIRCUITS 

RECOMMENDED SYSTEM 


Relative 

Amount Circuit Amount 

211,285 ft. Overhead .12% % 

45(5,011 ft. Underground in pavement .25% 

1,137,70!) ft. Underground in parkways .03% 

1,805,005 ft. Total length of circuits.100% 


It will be noted that the new street lighting system provides for 88% of 
the street lighting circuits underground, whereas the present system has only 
33% of its circuits underground, not including in this latter figure the long 
feeding circuits back to the station, which feeding circuits carry no lamps. 
As will be understood by those who are familiar with the original report on 
the street lighting survey, the new system is of a character which does not re¬ 
quire special feeders back to the generating plant. Each street lighting circuit 
under the new system is supplied with current from the same feeders that 
furnish commercial light and power to the corresponding district. 


11 













Table 6-a gives approximately tbe relative and absolute amounts of over¬ 
head and underground circuit employed in the present street lighting system, 
not including circuit feeders. 


Table 6-a. 

APPROXIMATE RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE AMOUNTS OF 
UNDERGROUND AND OVERHEAD CIRCUITS 
PRESENT SYSTEM 

Relative 


Amount Circuit Amount 

920,400 ft. Overhead . 07% 

447,300 ft. Underground . 33% 

1,367,700 ft. Total length of circuits.100% 


It will be noted that the present system employs, not including feeders, 
70% as much circuit as the recommended system, although the present system 
feeds only 34% as many electric lamps as are employed under the new system. 
This marked discrepancy is due in large part to the inefficient routing of the 
present street lighting circuits. 

The unscientific character of present circuit routing is shown by Fig. 10, 
page 40. The black areas of Fig. 11 indicate areas of the city where the 
present system provides no electric street lighting circuits. The shaded areas 
indicate areas of the city where the circuits of the present system overlap, 
giving needless duplication. 

Fig. 11, page 41, shows the various areas of the city each served by a 
single circuit under the recommended street lighting system. It will be noted 
that the main avenues of traffic form in general the lines of circuit separation. 
This permits the lamps lighting any main avenue of traffic to be served, some 
from one circuit, others from other circuits. Hence, if an accident happens to 
any circuit, only a portion of the lamps on any main highway of traffic are 
put out of commission. 

The more orderly routing of circuits employed in the recommended sys¬ 
tem, as shown in Fig. 11, also conduces to shorter circuits, and hence to de¬ 
crease initial cost of installation and to decreased line losses in operation. 

Recommended System: I able t gives the annual cost ol electrical or 

Unit Costs; gas energy for each of the various sizes and 

Energy. types of light unit recommended under the new 

system. Electrical energy is here figured at $.01 per kilowatt-hour, and line 
loses are figured at 10% additional to the lamp load. After careful study of 
the subject, the engineers believe that $.01 per kilowatt-hour is the highest 
price which can be justified as reasonable for electrical energy for this ser¬ 
vice, when the amount of energy required and the favorable hours of burning, 
together with other attractive features of the business, are taken into con¬ 
sideration. 


12 












Table 7. 

ENERGY COSTS PER YEAR FOR OPERATING STREET LAMPS 

RECOMMENDED SYSTEM 


Item 

Gas 

Lamps 


Electric Lamps 


100 c.p. 

100 c.p. 

250 c.p. 

400 c.p. 

600 c.p. 

1000 c.p. 

Cost of Energy Consumed 







by Lamp . 

$7.08 

$2.83 

$6.10 

$9.63 

$11.09 

$17.55 

Cost of Energy Lost in 







Circuit . 


.45 

.98 

1.54 

1.78 

2.80 

Cost of Energy Consumed 







by Pilot . . . 

1.31 













Total Energy Cost. 

$8.39 

$3.28 

$7.08 

$11.17 

$12.87 

$20.35 


Gas is figured in the above table at $ .45 per 1000 cu. ft. The type of gas 
burner used consumes 4 cu. ft. per hour during the period while street light¬ 
ing service is being furnished, while the pilot flame used to light the lamp con¬ 
sumes Va oil. ft. per hour for the entire 24 hours of the day. 


Unit maintenance costs under the new street 
lighting system are presented in Table 8 (See 
page 52 i. It is believed these maintenance esti¬ 
mates are very liberal and that the actual cost 
of maintenance will be somewhat lower than the figures here given. 


Recommended System 
Unit Costs; 
Maintenance. 


Recommended System: 
Unit and Total Costs; 
Investment. 


Table 0 presents the unit and total costs in¬ 
volved in installing the recommended new 
street lighting system. It will be noted that the 
total investment in circuit lines is $668,754. If 


overhead instead of underground construction were employed in all except the 
downtown business districts, this investment could be reduced by about 


$ 200 , 000 . 

It will be noted that the total investment in lamps and poles is $601,142. 
If rough wood poles were used for supporting the lamps except on the more 
important business streets, this investment could also be reduced by about 
$ 200 , 000 . 

In short, by practically ignoring all considerations of appearance, it 
would be possible to reduce the total installation cost by about $400,000. This 
means that 9% of the annual street lighting cost goes to provide attractiveness 
of appearance rather than to provide any utilitarian quality of service. It is 
believed by the engineers that 9% is a very modest proportion to expend for 
considerations of appearance. 


13 





























Table 9. 

UNIT AND TOTAL INITIAL INSTALLATION COSTS 

RECOMMENDED STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM 

Proportional 






77 7 1 I- I— — l- ^ Tl 
71 -+ c: X »0 X x —. 

r* id —' i- — ti ~ 7 i 
17 17 17 17 X X I— X 


71 I— — I — 77 71 — — 77 I- 

-+ iS 71 '■* lO 17 © © 5© 

^ 7i 1.7 -ti 77 Ct 17 I- ©‘ 77 

tHXt-hX^tHXX©© 
71 h 71 th 71 71 71 71 -f -f 


bt 







14 


Total .11.329.890 

Distribution of Investment: Average Costs: 

Circuit Lines.f668,754 Average cost, Electric units only.$176.56 

Lamps and Poles . 661,142 Average cost, Complete system . 150.76 
























































It will be noted from Table 9 that the average investment cost per unit, 
figuring on the complete system, is $150.70. If only electric units are con¬ 
sidered, the average investment cost is $170.50. 

The various items of investment cost, set forth in rather more detail than 
that employed in Table 0, are presented in Table 10. 


Table 10. 


CLASSIFICATION OF INITIAL INSTALLATION COSTS 

RECOMMENDED STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM 


Quantity 

7322 

9344 

8821 


6799 

2022 

6802 

456,011 ft. 
1,137,709 ft. 
211,285 ft. 
59 


Item 


Cost 


Lamps. 

Lanterns . 

Lamp Supports: — 

3452 15 ' Posts.$114,779.00 


1924 22 1 // Single Bracket Posts.. 72,011.70 
142 22 1 // Double Bracket Posts.. 5,697.04 

2499 221 / 2 ' Suspension Posts _ 184,926.00 

429 30 ' Single Bracket Posts.. 22,531.08 

362 30 ' Double Bracket Posts.. 19,910.00 

13 45 ' Bracket Posts . 1,581.00 


Wiring Lamp Supports. 

(las Connections . 

Lamp Transformers. 

Cable under Pavement . 

Cable in Parkway. 

Overhead Lines . 

Sets Circuit Control Apparatus 

Total Cost . 


$ 18,091.00 

159,705.00 


422,036.00 

43,234.00 

18,076.00 

95,122.00 

200,108.00 

311,358.00 

29,581.00 

32,585.00 

$1,329,896.00 


Recommended System: 
Rate of Return on 
Investment. 


In financing the investment for the street light¬ 
ing distribution system, it has been recom¬ 
mended that the city issue twenty-year serial 
bonds, one-twentieth part of which will mature 
every year throughout the twenty year period. As such bonds mature and are 
paid, the annual interest charge will, of course, be decreased. Figuring in¬ 
terest at 41 / 2 %, at which rate bonds can be sold above par, the annually de¬ 
creasing interest payments are equivalent to an average payment of $.02305 
per dollar of total investment. Payment each year of one-twentieth part of 
the investment is equivalent to an annual amortization rate of $.05 on the 
dollar. The total rate of return has, therefore, been figured at $.073625, 
which rate will provide just the amount of money required annually, averaging 
over the twenty year period, to meet interest payments and cancellation of 

bond payments. 


15 





















DETAILS OF ANNUAL OPERATING COST 

RECOMMENDED STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM 


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Table 11 presents annual unit and total costs 
Recommended System: involved in the operation of the recommended 

Unit and Total. Iie " s ^ ree ^ lighting system. This table, which 

presents the real essence of the cost elements 
involved in the new system, will amply repay extended study. Space limita¬ 
tions permit attention to be drawn to only a few of the most important con¬ 
siderations which this table presents. 

It will be noted that the three cost elements — energy, maintenance and 
investment — are, roughly speaking, of the same general magnitude. Of these 
three elements, maintenance is slightly the larger, involving about 40% of the 
total cost, whereas energy and investment each represent only about 30% <;f 
the total cost. 

An analysis of the various elements involved in maintenance (see Table 8) 
shows that the maintenance charges may be separately itemized as set forth 
in Table 12. 

Table 12. 

CLASSIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE ELEMENTS 


RECOMMENDED SYSTEM 

Item Annual Cost 

Contract maintenance of gas units.$24,264.00 

Maintenance direct by city, materials. 64,173.63 

Maintenance direct by city, labor. 35,926.95 

Candle power maintenance and lamp quality, laboratory. 8,333.00 

Total .$132,697.58 


From Table 12 it will be seen that the labor cost of municipal maintenance 
involves an expenditure of $35,927.00, while the cost of materials purchased 
by the city for maintenance involves a cost of $64,174.00. Proceeding, now, to 
compare the relative costs of maintenance by the municipality and mainte¬ 
nance by the lighting company, and granting some truth to the oft-repeated 
argument that operation by the private company is more efficient than opera¬ 
tion by a muncipality, let us assume that the city employees are only three- 
fourths as efficient as the utility employees. Under maintenance by the light¬ 
ing company, the labor cost will, therefore, be reduced from $35,927.00 to 
$26,945.00. However, it would not be reasonable to ask, nor, under utility 
regulation, legal to permit the lighting company to perform this maintenance 
service without any profit. The minimum profit which could be allowed with 
fairness would be 15% on labor and 10% on material. Indeed, a considerable 
part of such narrow margin of profit as this would be eaten up by overhead 
charges in directing the labor and purchasing the material. Under the above 
assumptions, the comparative costs of maintenance by the city (assuming con¬ 
siderable inefficiency in city directed labor) and by the lighting company will 
be such as set forth in Table 13. 


17 












Table 13. 

COMPARISON OF ANNUAL COSTS 

MAINTENANCE DIRECT BY CITY vs. MAINTENANCE DIRECT BY UTILITY 

Electric Service only, and not including Laboratory. 

Maintenance by City Item Maintenance by Utility 

$ 35,926.95.Actual labor cost.$ 26,945.21 

.Profit on labor cost. 4,041.78 

64,173.63.Actual material cost.. 64,173.63 

.Profit on material cost. 6,417.36 

$100,100.58.Total cost.$10L577.98 

No inefficiency in purchasing material has been assumed, because the city 
can purchase and stock such materials as are here in question on equally as 
advantageous a basis as can the lighting company. As is obviously proper, 
no profit has been assumed on any elements of city maintenance. 

A consideration of Table 13 shows that, assuming a considerable degree 
of municipal inefficiency, the actual cost of maintaining a street lighting sys¬ 
tem directly bv the city is practically equal to what the cost would be if the 
lighting company were employed to do this work on the very minimum profit 
basis at which it could reasonably or legally be expected to perform the ser¬ 
vice. In view, therefore, of the fact that maintenance directly by the city is 
no more expensive than maintenance by the company, and in view of the fact 
that the experience of the past many years indicates that dealings between 
the Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Co. and the City of Milwaukee are 
regularly characterized by a condition of constant bickering with incident de¬ 
lays and losses to the city, it was and is considered by the engineers that 
maintenance directly by the city is the preferable solution of the maintenance 
problem. 

Referring once more to Table 11, it will be noted that the estimated total 
annual street lighting cost of owning and operating the system recommended 
by the Engineer of Street Lighting Survey, including all elements of energy, 
maintenance and investment charges, is $326,846.00, or, a per capita cost of 
•$•77. (See Fig. 1, page 33.) The various elements of this estimate have been 
so liberally made that it can safely be asserted that the actual cost will be 
slightly under rather than over the estimated figures. 

Another interesting fact brought out by Table 11 is the comparatively 
high cost of operating small lighting units. Thus, the annual total cost of 
operating the 100 c.p. electric lamp on 15 ft. concrete post is $24.80, while the 


annual total cost of operating the 250 c.p. lamp on the same post is only $30.50. 
Similarly, note the following costs, 

250 c.p. lamp on 30 ft. single bracket concrete post.$32.21, 

400 c.p. lamp on 30 ft. single bracket concrete post. 39.26, 

600 c.p. lamp on 30 ft. single bracket concrete post. 43.46, 

1000 c.p. lamp on 30 ft. single bracket concrete post. 53.62, 


particularly noticing the comparatively slight increase in total annual cost for 
large increases in candle-power size. 


18 























Tlie feature discussed in the above paragraph has an important relation 
to the question of brighter lighting on business streets, to be paid for by the 
abutting property owners or by the merchants. On all business streets 
throughout the city, the installation recommended by the engineers provides 
posts spaced sufficiently closely so as to produce what is, as far as the eye can 
detect, perfect uniformity of illumination,—that is to say, the street or side¬ 
walk surface halfway between two posts is just as brightly lighted, as far as 
the eye can detect, as the similar surface near the post. There is, therefore, no 
reason why the merchant should install additional posts. Rather, if more 
brilliant lighting is desired, it will be sufficient to employ larger sized lamps 
on the posts already installed. In view of the serious degree to which ad¬ 
ditional posts, and particularly posts of variant design, detract from the ap¬ 
pearance of the street, it is proposed to prohibit, by ordinance, the installation 
of such additional posts. At the same time, it is proposed to permit 
merchants to provide for as bright street lighting as may be desired by their 
paying the increased cost incident to providing such brighter street lighting. 


Because of the small additional cost of employing a larger size lamp in 
place of the lamp which the city would provide, the merchant can obtain 
great increases in brightness of street lighting at a very small cost per year. 
On business streets, such as North Avenue, for instance, the street lighting 
system recommended by the engineers provides for one GOO c.p. lamp every 
180 feet. This represents an annual expenditure by the city of approximately 
$.23 per street foot. If the merchants wish to light the streets nearly twice 
as brightly, using 1000 c.p. instead of 600 c.p. lamps, the additional annual 
cost is only $.07 per street foot, or $.035 i>er property foot. Thus the 
merchants on North Avenue can have very brilliant street lighting at a cost, 
for the merchant who has, say, a 40 ft. front, of only $1.40 per year, or less 
than three cents per week. If the merchants on North Avenue should wish to 
install double bracket posts opposite each other on both sides of the street, 
using two 1000 c.p. lamps on each post, the result would be to make this 
business street more brilliantly lighted than is West Water Street from Grand 
Avenue to Third Street with the present installation of 14 ft. ornamental 
posts; yet the additional cost to the merchants of this installation, operated 
all night every night, would be only $.42 per property foot i>er year, as com¬ 
pared with $1,80 ]>er property foot per year which the merchants on the above 
section of West Water Street pay for operating their system each night until 
midnight. 

Similarly, savings can be shown in the case of each and all business 
streets. It will be found that, at a far lower expenditure than that involved 
in paying for any of the old-time systems of ornamental lighting, the merchants 
can, under the recommended system, light their streets to an equal or greater 
brilliancy of illumination. 

Referring still again to Table 11, it is important to note how much more 
expensive are the double bracket posts to operate than are the single bracket 
posts. Thus, it costs $53.49 a year to operate the two 250 c.p. lamps on the 
double bracket, 30 ft. concrete posts, while a 1000 c.p. lamp, representing, of 


19 


course, twice as much illuminating power as the two 250 c.p. 1 
operated on a similar single bracket post for $53.02,—practically 


amps, can he 
the identical 


cost. The use of double bracket posts can only he justified on the basis that 
they may he considered considerably more ornamental. In any event, the use 
of such double bracket posts should he restricted to a few important streets, 
where appearance is a consideration of large weight. 


PART III. OWNERSHIP CONSIDERATIONS 


Municipal Ownership In¬ 
dependent Proposition 
from that of Munici¬ 
pal Operation. 


Since the issuance of the original report on the 
street lighting survey, there has been current a 
certain amount of misapprehension regarding 
the municipal ownership issue as presented 
therein. It will he recollected that the original 
report recommended that the city own and maintain the street lighting dis¬ 
tribution system, but, at least under present conditions, purchase the electrical 
energy required for operating the electrical portion of the system. 

The discussion of whether the city should or should not own the distri¬ 
bution system has largely been a discussion as to whether the city can or can¬ 
not do its work as efficiently as can a private organization. This is really a 
consideration which has little or nothing to do with the question at issue. 
Municipal inefficiency, if any exists, is not connected with the mere fact of 
ownership, but is wholly associated with the operation of the property. The 
city's money is just as good, has just as great purchasing power, as the utility’s 
money. Tt is not even necessary that the city should itself undertake to in¬ 
stall such city-owned system. It would he perfectly feasible to have the in¬ 
stallation done by contract; and, in the case of a large installation of this 
character, there are many contractors who could put it in just as cheaply as 
could any of the local utilities. It should he obvious, therefore, that no ele¬ 
ment of municipal inefficiency is attached to the mere fact of ownership. 

It was, however, recommended in the original report that the street light¬ 
ing system be maintained directly by the city. This is an entirely independent 
proposition from the proposition that the city own such system. It would he 
perfectly feasible for the city to own the street lighting distribution system 
and have the utility maintain same on a contract basis. The two propositions, 
therefore, of municipal ownership and municipal maintenance, should each be 
considered independently and judged upon their individual merits. 

With respect to the maintenance of the street lighting distribution sys¬ 
tem directly by the city, it should he pointed out that whatever inefficiency 
may exist in connection with work done directly by the city, such inefficiency 
is concerned almost entirely with the handling of labor. There is little or no 
inefficiency connected with the purchase of materials. This is especially true 
when it is considered that over 80% of the material used in maintaining the 
recommended street lighting distribution system would consist of a single 
item,—namely, incandescent lamps. Within at most a differential of 1% or 


20 


'2'/ . the city can purchase such incandescent lamps on just as favorable terms 
as can the utility. There are, therefore, no wastes connected with mainte¬ 
nance directly by the city, so far as the materials required in connection with 
such maintenance are concerned. 

I^et it be assumed for the purpose of this argument that municipally-em¬ 
ployed labor is not as efficient as privately-employed labor. On the other 
hand, it should be recognized that the relative inefficiency of municipally- 
employed labor is frequently grossly exaggerated. Those who have had, as 
have the compilers of this report, extensive first-hand experience with the 
efficiency of labor in great organizations, recognize that such privately-di¬ 
rected labor almost invariably falls far short of what would seem reasonable 
standards of efficiency. In discussing municipal inefficiency, the comparison 
is too often made against what would constitute a reasonable standard of 
efficiency; and it is too often forgotten that privately-directed labor almost 
universally falls below such standards, though perhaps not so far below. 

It is believed bv the compilers of this report that it is fair to say that 
municipally-directed labor, of that grade of labor required in maintaining the 
street lighting distribution system, is at least three-fourths as efficient as 
privately-directed labor of the same grade. That is to say, it is believed that 
at least three privately-employed men, of the grade of labor here involved, will 
be required to do the work of four municipally-employed men. 

As has already been pointed out elsewhere in this supplementary report, 
the labor element of municipal maintenance only amounts to $35,927.00 per 
year. Such jK?rcentage of inefficiency as may exist in connection with muni¬ 
cipal maintenance, therefore, only applies to this amount. 

If maintenance were performed by the lighting company, it would be un¬ 
just and, under utility regulation, illegal to permit the lighting company to 
I>erform this service without any element of profit. For the lighting com¬ 
pany to jjerform this service without any element of profit would be to make 
the other consumers of electrical energy bear the whole burden of carrying 
the profit element which the utility must provide. The entire spirit of utility 
regulation, backed by decisions of commission and court, is wholly antagonistic 
to such practices. 

The most modest profit which could be considered sufficient to allow the 
utility in connection with maintenance services would be 10% on material and 


15% on labor. These two elements of profit practically equal the inefficiency 

which mav be incident to maintenance directly by the city. Table 13, page 
•• 

IS, tabulates the comparison above discussed at length. 

In view of the constant bickering which has characterized all dealings be¬ 
tween the City of Milwaukee and the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. in the matter of 
street lighting for some years past, — bickering which has arisen chiefly 
through the constant attempt of the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. to obtain unfair con¬ 
cessions in matters both ]>etty and great,—and in view of the fact that mainte¬ 
nance directly by the city involves no greater total cost, the engineers feel 
that such direct maintenance by the city is to be strongly recommended, as 
far as the electric portion of the street lighting distribution system is con¬ 
cerned. 


21 


The maintenance of gas street lamps involves somewhat more expert at¬ 
tention than the maintenance of electric street lamps; moreover, gas-burner 
patents are largely controlled by the Welsbach Street Lighting Co. of America, 
who regularly refuse to sell the gas burners and mantles, insisting on furnish¬ 
ing complete maintenance service wherever gas street lamps are employed. 
Moreover, both the Welsbach Street Lighting Co. of America and the Milwau¬ 
kee Gas Light Co. have proved very co-operative in their past dealings with 
the City of Milwaukee and there has been no difficulty about promptly reach¬ 
ing a settlement of all questions on a basis equitable to both parties, hi view 
of these facts, the engineers have recommended that maintenance of the gas 
street lamps be done under contract by the Welsbach Street Lighting Co. ol 
America. The competitive feature,—namely, that the gas street lamps can 
be converted into electric street lamps at a very trifling cost,—should com¬ 
pletely protect the city’s interests against paying any excessive amount for 
gas lighting service. 


As has already been pointed out above, there 
Advantages of Ownership j g n0 inefficiency involved in the mere feature 

y y * of city ownership. On the other hand, there 

are certain considerations which result in decreased annual investment 
charge when the installation is directlv owned bv the citv. 

In the first place, the city can borrow money at more favorable interest 
rates than can the utility. In the case of the recommended street lighting 
system, the more favorable rates at which the city can borrow money result 
in an annual saving of approximately $20,000,—no mean sum. It will, of 
course, be understood that, under utility regulation, the city must refund in¬ 
terest costs to the lighting company at whatever rate of interest the company 
has to pay. 

In the second place, the city gains through the necessity of paying once 
and only once for the street lighting investment. If the lighting company in¬ 
stalls and owns the street lighting distribution system, it has to annually 
charge a sufficient amount so that when the system ceases to be used, the com¬ 
pany has received back the entire amount of the investment originally made. 
Just how long the installation will be used is problematical and the utility 
naturally figures on the safe side. Milwaukee has already refunded twice 
over to the lighting company the investment represented by the present 
street lighting system and is now in process of refunding for the third time. 
This condition of affairs is not peculiar to Milwaukee, but is practically uni¬ 
versal wherever the lighting company owns the distribution system. 

It would, of course, he possible for the city and the lighting company, 
under ownership of the system by the company, to keep account of the pay¬ 
ments annually made by the city toward refunding to the company the in¬ 
vestment cost; and it might be agreed that, when the entire investment had 
been refunded, the interest and refund payments should cease and full 
right and title to the distribution system should thereupon pass to the city. 
Obviously, such arrangement would have no advantage over direct ownership 


22 


the city. It would, moreover, involve the difficulty that, in connection with 
a considerable portion of the equipment, it might be difficult to separate the 
company’s commercial lighting and power property from the city’s street 
lighting distribution system property; and such difficulties might easily be 
seiions enough to make it impossible to operate the street lighting distri¬ 
bution s\stem except on terms satisfactory to the lighting company. Even if 
these difficulties could be satisfactorily adjusted, the fact would still remain 
that the city would have to carry the utility-owned investment at a higher 
interest rate than would have been the case in connection with city-owned 
investment, until said investment was entirely paid for. 

The matter of ownership may be summed up by saying that, unless the 
lighting company is to carry such ownership at a loss, — a thing illegal under 
utility regulation, — ownership of the street lighting distribution system by the 
company involves to the city an added cost of at least $20,000 a year. Figur¬ 
ing on the basis which the Railroad Commission of Wisconsin have pre¬ 
viously used in similar cases, the basis which was exactly followed in the fall 
of 1913 in estimating the rates applying to a new street lighting system for 
Milwaukee, the increased cost involved in the lighting company’s owning the 
distribution system would be slightly more than $35,000 per year. 


There is one and only one consideration which 
Duplication of Equipment, might have weight against direct ownership of 

the street lighting distribution system by the 
city. This is the consideration that such ownership might involve an unneces¬ 
sary duplication of equipment. 

The question as to whether ownership of the street lighting system by the 
City of Milwaukee would involve duplication of the existing equipment of the 
Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Co. is primarily a question as to whether 
or not such system is to l>e predominantly overhead or predominantly under¬ 
ground. It is an unquestionable fact that, if such distribution system were 
to be largely of overhead construction, the existing equipment of ihe T. M. 
E. R. & L. Co., particularly line poles, could be employed, with a considerable 
resultant decrease in investment cost, providing the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. 
would agree to a fair and reasonable valuation of such equipment. On the 
other hand, if the installation be predominantly underground, there will be 
little or no duplication of equipment. The question, therefore, of whether the 
street lighting distribution system should be predominantly overhead or 
underground is one which will have a most important bearing upon the ques¬ 
tion of whether ownership of the system by the company or ownership of the 
svstem bv the city will work most to the advantage of the citv. 

Throughout our American cities there is to be noticed a widespread move¬ 
ment toward making the streets and public places attractive. In some of our 
more progressive cities, this movement has taken the form of a comprehensive 
city plan. In all of our cities, there is practically universal recognition that 
rough wood poles seriously detract from the beauty of the streets and that 
such rough wood poles should l>e removed as soon as such removal can be con¬ 
sidered feasible under the financial considerations therein involved. 


23 


If, in order to obtain an underground system of distribution for Hie 
street lighting system, it were necessary to install an underground conduit 
system, the cost would be prohibitive except in the downtown business dis¬ 
trict, where the desirability of underground distribution is sufficiently great 
to justify even as expensive a system as the conduit system. Such conduit 
type of underground system is not, however, necessary or even desirable for 
street lighting circuits. 

For some years past there has been available a perfected product, en¬ 
tirely satisfactory for underground electric circuits of this character. This 
product is the steel-taped or armored cable, shown in Fig. 7, page ‘18. As 
generally used, this steel-tajied cable is exactly similar to the type of cable 
drawn through the ducts of a conduit system, except that two layers of steel 
tape, each 1/32" thick, and one or more layers of impregnated jute have been 
added. This steel tape simply serves to give mechanical protection similar 
to that afforded by the tile walls of the duct. In the particular cable recom¬ 
mended for the City of Milwaukee, the engineers have also specified two addi¬ 
tional layers of impregnated paper of two wrappings each (layer 2 and 5, 
Fig. 7) as a protection against electrolysis. This precaution makes doubly 
sure that the steel taping will last for many years and continue to afford ade¬ 
quate mechanical protection. 

There are thousands of miles of steel-taped cable in various American 
cities, much of which has been in service for many years. The experience with 
this cable has been universally favorable, and its use is extending al a rapid 
rate. 

On residence streets, the steel-taped cable is usually laid just inside the 
curb. The earth next to the curb is removed (see Fig. 8) in a narrow trench 
about 15" deep. In this trench the cable is laid and the earth replaced. In 
crossing streets, it has generally been found most inexpensive to dig a hole at 
one side of the street and, working from this hole, to push, by suitable pressure 
device, a steel pipe across the street, about 4 ft. below the street surface. 
Through this pijie the cable is drawn in making the street crossing. This 
method of construction, generally less exjiensive than tearing up and replace- 
ing the pavement, also serves to give additional mechanical protection to the 
cable at street intersections. Thus, with the protection afforded by such pipe 
and with the protection afforded by the street curb, there is little or no likeli¬ 
hood of the cable being injured. The steel taping on the cable, 1/1G" steel in 
all, is a sufficiently good protection to withstand an ordinary blow from a 
pickaxe and to protect the cable from being injured by its being accidentally 
struck during any excavation work. The cable can only be injured by a 
deliberate attempt to cut through it. Of course, such attempt may some¬ 
times be made by an ignorant workman who does not understand the nature 
of the cable; but this possibility of injury can easily be avoided by intelligent 
supervision. 

In the business districts, where the sidewalk surface extends entirely to 
the curb, the steel-taped cable is generally best laid in the gutter, as shown in 
Fig. 9. Occasionally, it will be found preferable to cut through the sidewalk 
surface parallel to and near the curb, lay the cable and repair the sidewalk. 


24 


More rarely, the preferable installation will be in the areaways which some 
times completely extend under the sidewalk. 

the steel-taped cable has only been extensively used during the last dec¬ 
ade, so that direct data on its ultimate useful life is not available. The same 
type ol cable, except for the outside protecting layers of steel tape and jute, 
has, however, been in extended use for the past 30 years. Where such cable 
has not been injured mechanically, it has been found to be in satisfactory 
operating condition at the end of 30 years. The steel taping adds no feature 
which could possibly shorten the life of the cable, merely serving to afford 
mechanical protection. It is therefore believed by the engineers that a useful 
lite of 30 years for the steel-taped cable may be conservatively assumed. The 
lite ol such cable buried in the ground should be longer than the life of 
similar cable in duct, since the duct cable passes through a manhole every few 
hundred feet, at which points it is liable to mechanical injury which may in 
turn serve to affect the cable further back in the duct. 

In considering the wisdom of extensively employing an underground type 
of distribution for the street lighting circuit, and in considering the question 
of duplication of equipment in connection with such underground circuits, it 
is proper to divide the city into three classes of districts, — 

(1) The downtown business district, including the adjoining business 
district of the south side; 

Resideuce districts, including occasional business streets, but not 
including outskirt districts where street grades have not generally 
been established; and 

Outskirt districts where street grades have not been generally 
established. 

The first of these classes, which needs to be discussed at greatest length, will 
be discussed last. 

(2) Residence Districts not on Outskirts . Residence streets in Milwau¬ 
kee almost invariably have parking between the sidewalk and the curb. It is 
hence possible to lay underground cable in the earth next the curb. This 
means that on such streets the underground cable can be laid at a very 
moderate expense. 

It may simplify this question of cost in the matter here under con¬ 
sideration to assume that the city did not feel it could directly afford any¬ 
thing better than overhead circuits. On this basis, let it be assumed that the 
city should go to the property owner and say, “If you wish an underground 
circuit on your street, you must directly pay the additional cost therein in¬ 
volved.’’ On such basis, the property owner would have to pay f .08 per front 
foot; that is to say, a citizen having a 60 ft. lot would have to pay #4.80 as 
his share toward putting in the underground system, for which single pay¬ 
ment he would be assured of having the street lighting circuit underground 
throughout its useful life of about 30 years. This would mean an annual 
cost of about sixteen cents a year. 

It is not, of course, proposed that the cost of an underground system be 
paid by such assessment per front foot levied on the property owners. Rather, it 
is proposed that the cost of an underground system be borne from general 


t •> i 


<3) 


25 



taxes. But the above illustration should make clear how slight is the burden 
involved in obtaining the very attractive feature of an underground system 
of distribution in residence districts. 

In residence districts, the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. has few underground con¬ 
duit systems, except along the business streets which run through such dis¬ 
tricts. These constitute, of course, a comparatively small part of the total 
milage in such districts. It would not be convenient to change back and 
forth from the armored cable type of underground system to the conduit type 
of underground system and vice versa, as would lie necessary if the attempt 
were made to use such limited amount of ducts as the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. 
has in districts of this character. Moreover, the attempt to use such ducts 
on business streets would be actually more costly than not to use them, for 
reasons which will be apparent below when the underground system for the 
business district is discussed. 

In residence districts, therefore, two facts may be considered established. 
First, that the cost of underground street lighting circuits is so comparatively 
small, when steel-taped cable is employed, as to justify the practically uni¬ 
versal adoption of such underground system of distribution. Second, that 
on most of such residence streets, the use of such underground cable involves 
lower cost than would the use of any existing facilities of the T. M. E. R. 
& L. Co. 

( 3) Outskirt Districts. In outlying districts of the city, where street 
grades are not generally established, and where even street routing has not 
been entirely determined and put in, it would manifestly lie unwise to use the 
underground type of distribution; for the later establishment of grades or the 
cutting through of new streets might involve the scrapping of a considerable 
amount of such underground system. On such streets, therefore, the overhead 
type of distribution has been very generally recommended by the report on 
the street lighting survey. On many of such streets, though by no means on 
all, there are pole lines of the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. through the joint use of 
which the installation cost of putting in these overhead circuits could be re¬ 
duced. Such overhead circuits, however, represent a value of only about two 
per cent, of the entire installation cost. Any savings, therefore, which could 
be made by the use of joint equipment would be very small. The danger of 
establishing a subject for future disagreement and controversy in connection 
with the use of joint equipment has led the engineers to believe that such use 
of joint equipment in these outlying districts would be unwise. 

It is, of course, proposed that the circuits be put underground in dis¬ 
tricts where overhead circuits are at present recommended, as soon as street 
grades and routing become well established. 

(1) Downtown Business Districts . In the downtown business district, 
including the adjacent main south-side business district, underground distri¬ 
bution circuits are required by ordinance. In this portion of the city, the 
T. M. E. R. & L. Co. have a conduit system on nearly every street. The ques¬ 
tion naturally arises, therefore, whether such existing conduits could not be 
employed in connection with an underground system of street lighting circuits 
with material advantage in the way of reduced installation costs. 


26 




The question of lamp location on such business streets influences the ques¬ 
tion of whether the existing conduits can be economically used. It will there¬ 
fore be necessary to disgress slightly in order to discuss this question of lamp 
location. 

Years ago it was general practice to locate street lights on business streets, 
as well as on residence streets, at street intersections. In the larger cities, 
this practice has in recent years been very generally discarded, and the street 
lamps, on business streets, located on ornamental curb posts at intervals along 
the block, and not at street intersections. 

The most effective position at which a street lamp can be located is at the 
street intersection, hung directly over the center line of both intersecting 
streets. Such location, however, while permitting the lamp to shine down both 
streets and give the maximum effective service, is not a location of the lamp 
which conduces to an attractive appearance of the street. Authorities on 
aesthetics are in complete agreement that the lamp hung by cable over the 
street cannot be made to present an attractive apjiearance. On residence 
streets, where the presence of trees partially hides both supporting poles and 
lamp, the suspension type installation may lx* made unobstrusive and hence 
unobjectionable; but it can never be made ornamental. On business streets, 
where there are no trees, where the vista is open, such suspended lamps pre¬ 
sent a decidedly objectionable appearance. On the other hand, if an orna¬ 
mental post be used, such post cannot he properly located on the curb at the 
street intersection in such position as to shine down both streets; for if so 
located at the point where the two curb lines come together (usually on a 
radius), it is usually in such position as to obstruct traffic. 

A growing appreciation of the importance of making our business streets 
attractive is, therefore, very generally leading American cities to abandon all 
suspended type units in the business districts and to locate the lighting units 
on ornamental poles placed along the curb and at some distance from the 
street intersection. Such curb units are located at uniform spacings along the 
street, so that the street intersection comes just halfway between the street 
lights on either side. It is believed by the engineers that this practice is en¬ 
tirely sound and that it may be regarded as an established principle of prac¬ 
tice in lighting business streets. 

Returning now to the subject of the use of existing conduit systems, and 
referring to Figs. 12 and 12-a, page 28, it will at once be noted that some means 
must be provided for getting the cable out of the duct and over to the base of 
the post. The usual means of feeding a service from a conduit-system circuit 
is to make connection to the cable at a manhole and to run a special feeder 
through the pavement or sidewalk back to the service. I nder typical con¬ 
ditions, such manholes are located only at each street intersection. Of course, 
in the more congested districts, manholes are also located in the middle of the 
block; but on the other hand, on some streets manholes will be located only 
everv other block. The typical condition may, therefore, be assumed to be that 
shown in Fig. 12. 

Now with street lamps located at the proper points, L*, Lz, 1,3 and b4, it 
will be necessary, if use is made of existing manholes, to come out of manhole 

27 


Mi and run under the pavement with armored cable, or with a special duct, 
for quarter of a block to reach lamps Li and L 2 ; and likewise to run a quarter 
of a block with armored cable or special conduit to feed lamps L 3 and L 4 from 
manhole M 2 . In other words, it would be necessary to put in new construction 

sncrr ump 



FIG. 12a CROSS-SECTION OF STREET SHOWING 

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT SYSTEM 


of the armored cable type, or more expensive, throughout half the block, in 
order to utilize the existing conduit system in feeding these lamps. More¬ 
over the cable used, whether armored cable or unarmored cable in duct, will 
have to be two-conductor cable in order to feed out to the lamp and back. If the 
ducts were not used, but a straight armored cable type of underground system 


1 


1 1 


1 

_ 1 J 


V_ L _ 

L_^ 


1 



FIG. 12 PLAN VIEW OF STREET SHOWING 

ROUTING AND MANHOLES OF UNDERGROUND CONDUIT SYSTEM 

put in, it would be necessary only to run the entire length of the block with a 
single-conductor, armored cable, such cable passing by each lamp post within 
a foot of the post, and being connected to feed the lamp at a trifling expense. 
Armored cable is not much more extensive than the type of cable used in tin* 
duets, since it is essentially the same cable with the steel tape added. 

In the attempt to utilize the existing conduit system, therefore, it is neces¬ 
sary to run once the length of the block with lead-covered cable in conduit, 
and half the length of the block with two-comluctor armored cable which 
must be laid beneath the pavement; and there is also some additional expense 
incident to getting into the manhole with the armored cable and connecting 
same to the duct cable. If, instead of attempting to utilize the existing con¬ 
duit system, a straight, new, armored-cable system be installed, it is necessary 
only to run once the length of the block with single-conductor armored cable. 


28 


























































laying same under pavement. If it be assumed that new cable will be installed 
in the conduit system, the cost of utilizing (he present conduits will be about 
•10% greater than to put in a straight, new, armored cable system. If it be 
assumed that the present street lighting cable in the conduits is usable, as is 
true in many instances, and that the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. and the Wisconsin 
Railroad Commission will consent to the use of such cable on a valuation of 
H0% of the cost ol new cable, the attempt to utilize existing conduits still in¬ 
volves a cost about 25% greater than the cost of a new armored cable system. 

It should be pointed out that the use of the present conduit system in ac¬ 
cordance with the construction described above, with feeders running from the 
existing manholes to the various lamps, will involve a material increase in line 
loss and hence in oj>eration charges. There is a certain loss in electrical cur¬ 
rent for every foot of wire which carries such current. If an armored cable 
system be installed, the main circuit runs directly by the lamp and there is no 
loss in an extra feeding cable, as is the case when the present conduit system 
is utilized as described above. 

In addition to the fact that it is positively more expensive, even if the 
present cable be utilized and carried at a low valuation, to use than to disre 
gard the existing duct system, it should be pointed out that such present cable 
has been many years in service, and, though in many cases usable, has a ma¬ 
terially shortened life from that which will be given by new cable. To make a 
patchwork job, partly new cable and partly old cable, would eventually prove a 
wasteful proposition, even if the cost conditions were reversed and there were 
some cost advantage in utilizing the present conduit system; for when the old 
cable had reached the end of its useful life, the various sections of cable which 
had l»een installed to utilize the old cable in the conduit system would have only 
served a portion of their useful life; and it would be necessary to repeat the 
patch-work process or to throw away usable material. 

There is another method by which the present conduit system might be 
utilized. A new manhole might be built at a point opposite each lamp, and a 
short connecting feeder run over to the lamp. The construction of such a man¬ 
hole, however, is quite an expensive matter; and a study of this method shows 
that, with the least exjKmsive manhole which reasonably good engineering 
would permit, the cost would be equal to or slightly greater than that of doubl¬ 
ing back with a special feed from an existing manhole. 

It should be noted that, while the most usual arrangement of lamps on 
business blocks is that shown in Fig. 12, there are a considerable number of 
instances in which, the blocks being longer, three lamps on one side or six 
•amps on both sides are employed per block. In such cases, the disadvantages 
of trying to utilize the existing conduit system of the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. are 
even greater than under the conditions discussed above. The actual total in¬ 
creased cost to the city is therefore somewhat greater than that which would 
be indicated by the study of the most typical arrangement which Fig. 12 
presents. 

There is another and very weighty objection against the attempt to em¬ 
ploy the considerably-depreciated existing circuits. The existing street light¬ 
ing circuits have grown up in a hit-or-miss fashion, without an} adequate 


29 


ultimate plan or any adequate study of the service requirements. A glance 
at Fig. 10 (page 40) will emphasize this fact. 

In planning the circuit routing for the recommended system, important 
avenues of traffic were, so far as feasible, made the dividing lines between 
adjacent circuits. This arrangement permits the lamps on such important 
avenues of traffic to be fed from two independent circuits. If there are lamps 
on both sides of such streets, the lamps on one side are fed from one circuit 
and those on the other side from the other circuit. If there are lamps only on 
one side of the street, or over the center line of the street, alternate lamps 
are fed from either circuit. I'nder this arrangement, any accident to a circuit 
serves to put out only half the lamps and will not leave the important avenue 
of traffic in complete darkness. 

Moreover, the character of circuit routing recommended by the en¬ 
gineers (see Fig. 11, page 411 involves a much shorter length of circuits and 
hence materially lower line losses, with resultant decrease in operation cost. 
It will be apparent to any citizen who inspects Fig. 10 (page 40) that such 
routing of circuits as characterizes the present system involves an excessive 
length of such circuits. 

It should also be pointed out that any attempt to use existing facilities 
of the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. also involves the city in great disadvantage in 
present or future dealings with such company with respect to price to Ik? paid 
for the service afforded. If the street lighting distribution circuit be wholly 
owned by the city, the city is in a position to purchase its current from either 
the T. M. E. II. & L. Co. or the Commonwealth Power Co., or to install a 
municipal plant for furnishing that current. This position of inde]>endenee 
gives the city considerable advantage in obtaining electrical energy at an 
equitable instead of an excessive price. If a system be adopted which employs 
in part the equipment of the T. M. E. K. & L. Co., the city will be forced to get 
its current from that company or else suffer a considerable loss in substituting 
city-owned equipment for the equipment of the Electric Company. 

From the foregoing discussion it should be apparent that to use existing 
conduit systems, even when the investments in such systems are figured at a 
heavily depreciated value, involves greater cost than for the city to put in a 
simple, efficient system of the armored-cable type. This fact alone is sufficient 
to settle the matter. When to this fact is added the consideration that, by 
using such existing equipment, the city forfeits material advantages which 
would serve in obtaining a fair rate for electrical energy,—when this con¬ 
sideration is added, the unwisdom of attempting to use existing underground 
equipment should be emphatically apparent. 

The foregoing objections against utilizing existing underground equipment 
are indeed much more than sufficient. There is, however, yet another im¬ 
portant objection. 

Milwaukee can carry the investment of a city-owned street lighting dis¬ 
tribution system at an annual charge of 7.3625 cents on the dollar. That is to 
say, an annual payment of 7.3625 cents on each dollar of investment will carry 
the interest charges on the bonds and will completely pay up the bonds at their 
maturity. 


30 


In the most recent proposition of the T. M. E. R. & L. Co.—a proposition 
dated March 4tli, 1910, and submitted to the Commissioner of Public Works 
on March 7th, 1916,—a proposition which chiefly concerns itself with this 
very question of utilizing existing equipment,—return on the investment is 
figured at the rate ol 11.5 cents on the dollar. The proposition does not state 
the various elements which go to make up this rate of return. It may be fairlv 
assumed, however, that one and one-half per cent, of this rate of return is for 
tax refund. In fairness, therefore, the eleven and one-half per cent, rate ought 
to be reduced by this amount, since lost taxes are not figured in as a true ele¬ 
ment of expense in the rate of return discussed above for a city-owned system. 
The T. M. E. R. & L. Co. proposition very clearly, therefore, figures interest 
and amortization at a rate of return of ten cents on the dollar <1.111/,— 
f.01 1 /2==$.10), as against a rate of return of 7.3625 cents on the dollar, at 
which the city can carry the investment. This means that, even if the city 
investment were 32% greater than would be the company’s investment if the 
company owned the system, the annual investment charges, which are all that 
the citizen is directly interested in, would be no greater in the case of city 
ownership. As has been shown above, the attempt to use existing under¬ 
ground equipment of the T. M. E. It. & L. Co. will actually involve materially 
greater cost than to disregard such equipment; so that direct ownership by 
the city involves lesser instead of greater total investment and a very con¬ 
siderably lesser annual investment charge. 

Some publicity has recently been given to a very unsound argument in 
connection with the use of the existing street lighting equipment of the 
T. M. E. R. & L. Co. It has been urged that if this existing equipment is no 
longer used and an annual return no longer paid upon the investment which 
it represents, it will be necessary to ask for a larger rate of return upon the 
investment used for commercial lighting and power purposes, or at least to 
defer the date when reduced rates for commercial lighting and power can be 
put into effect. When it is remembered that the City of Milwaukee has al¬ 
ready paid more than twice over for this street lighting equipment which it is 
now proposed to discard, the impropriety of the proposition that the city must 
either use a portion of this equipment at a cost disadvantage or else that the 
private users of electrical energy will have to suffer the loss, becomes at once 
apparent. If the T. M. E. It. & L. Co. are carrying on their books, as a partially 
unpaid-for investment, equipment which has already been paid for twice 
over, it merely means that their accounting methods are loose and that they 
have disbursed to stockholders as profits money which ought to have been paid 
to bond holders to liquidate indebtedness. That the city should be asked to 
pay yet again for this investment, under penalty of having the rates to private 
consumers raised or the date when rates can he reduced deferred, is a wholly 
untenable and indeed an outrageous proposition. 


31 


The foregoiug discussion of ownership of the 

Summary of Ownership street lighting distribution system by the city 

Problem. , . ,, 

may be summed up as follows: 

1. Mere ownership by the city of the street lighting distribution system 
involves in itself no wastes or inefficienees. Such inefficiency as may exist in 
connection with the municipal conduct of affairs is always connected with 
operation, particularly with the labor element of operation, and has nothing 
to do with the mere feature of ownership. 

2 . The only valid objection which can be brought against ownership of 
the street lighting distribution system by the city is that which would exist 
if it can be shown that such ownership would disregard existing equipment 
which could be utilized not merely at a lower investment value and but at 
lower annual invent mail eh urges than could be obtained in the case of an 
entirely new, city-owned system. 

3 . Where overhead circuits are employed, the T. M. E. It. & L. Co. has 
more or less pole equipment which could be utilized. The cost new of such 
overhead lines, however, only constitutes 2% of the investment value of the 
entire system. Any savings, therefore, by utilizing such existing pole lines, 
would l>e very trivial. 

4 . Present tendencies and sound standards of street lighting practice 
will provide for routing street lighting circuits underground, except in dis¬ 
tricts where street grades or street routing is not thoroughly established. 
Since this is so, the problem of utilizing present T. M. E. R. & L. Co. equip¬ 
ment becomes almost wholly one of utilizing present underground equipment. 

5 . Neither in residence districts nor in business districts can the present 
underground equipment of the T. M. E. R. & L. Co. be utilized on an attractive 
cost basis, even if the value of such equipment be figured on a heavily de¬ 
preciated basis. This fact, together with the sacrifice of advantage with 
respect to securing a favorable current rate, makes it highly undesirable to 
employ, under such disadvantages, the existing equipment of the T. M. E. R. 
& L. Co. 

6 . Even if the use of existing underground equipment of the T. M. E. R. 
& L. Co. would result in a lower investment value,—an assumption which is 
decidedly contrary to fact.—the higher rate of return on investment charges 
expected by the lighting company and allowed by the Railroad Commission, 
would result in higher annual charges. 

In view of the foregoing facts, Milwaukee's best interests strongly de¬ 
mand that the city own the street lighting distribution system. Against such 
ownership no sound objection can be urged. 


32 


PART IV. ILLUSTRATIONS 



♦ New Orleans, 1915, figures not available. Figures given are for 1912 


FIG. 1. PER CAPITA STREET LIGHTING COSTS 
CITIES 300,000 TO 600,000 POPULATION 

1915 


Figures given cover complete street lighting costs, including all energy maintenance 

and investment elements 






















30-FT. DOUBLE BRACKET AND 30-FT. SINGLE BRACKET 

CONCRETE POSTS 

TYPE OF LIGHT UNIT FOR MAIN BUSINESS DISTRICT 
Double-bracket post is used on such main avenues as Grand Avenue. Single-bracket 
post is used on all streets of the down-town business district, except on 
main avenues where double bracket post is used 


34 












\ 



FIG. 3 


22% FT. SINGLE BRACKET 
CONCRETE POST 


TYPE OF LIGHT UNIT FOR 

SECONDARY BUSINESS DISTRICTS 

Similar posts of double bracket type are 
used on such main avenues as 
Mitchell Street 


FIG. 5 

15-FT. HARP TYPE 
CONCRETE POST 

TYPE OF LIGHT UNIT FOR 

RESIDENCE DISTRICTS 

This type of post is used in cOnjunct- 
tion with the suspension type support, 
Fig. 4, in lighting residence districts. 
The harp type post is used between 
street intersections on long blocks,while 
the suspension type is used at street in¬ 
tersections. The harp type post is also 
extensively used in lighting such boule¬ 
vards as Prospect Avenue, the residence 
portion of Grand Avenue, etc. 


35 




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37 


FIG. 6. ONE TYPE OF BOULEVARD INSTALLATION 



























FIG. 8. METHOD OF INSTALLING ARMORED CABLE ON STREETS 
HAVING PARKWAY BETWEEN SIDEWALK AND CURB 

Cable is merely buried in earth, next to the curb, to a depth of about 15 inches 



FIG. 7. ARMORED CABLE SHOWING VARIOUS LAYERS 


9. 

Stranded Copper Conductor 

4. 

Steel Tape, j 1 , inch thick 

8. 

Rubber Insulation 

3. 

Steel Tape, inch thick 

7. 

Impregnated Cotton Tape 

2. 

Double Layer Impregnated Paper 

6. 

Lead Sheath 

1 . 

Impregnated Jute 

5. 

Double Layer Impregnated Paper 




This is the type of cable most largely used for the underground street lighting circuits. In some cases, two 
conductor cable is employed, each conductor being embedded in rubber, and hence amply 

insulated from the other 


38 














FIG. 9. METHOD OF INSTALLING ARMORED CABLE ON STREETS 
WHERE SIDEWALK EXTENDS TO CURB 


Bricks next to curb are removed and cable 


laid in sand fill just below brick surfacing 




39 























FIG. 10. CIRCUIT AREAS OF PRESENT STREET LIGHTING 

SYSTEM 


Black areas represent areas not covered by present electric service. 

Shaded areas represent areas covered by two overlapping present circuits. 

Dotted lines show location of important traffic streets. Note that division be¬ 
tween adjacent circuits, does not generally fall on such streets. 

Note that circuit areas are of a very irregular character. This results in ineffi¬ 
cient, unduly long routing of circuits. 


40 






































































































































































FIG. 11. CIRCUIT AREAS OF RECOMMENDED STREET LIGHTING 

SYSTEM 

Note that division between adjacent circuits generally falls on important traffic streets 
so that the lamps on such streets may be fed, some from one circuit, some from the other. 

Note that circuit areas are of a very regular character. This results in efficient, short 
routing of circuits. 


41 













































































PART V.—APPENDIX: MINIMUM RECOMMENDATIONS 


The original report on the street lighting survey not only made definite 

recommendations as to the street lighting installation which ought to he made 

at the present time to give Milwaukee adequate street lighting service, but also 

specified the installation representing the very minimum below which street 

lighting service should under no conditions go and which should only be 

adopted in case it were desired to keep total expenditures at approximately 

the present very low figure and make some sacrifices in adequacy of service. 

The following tables, distinguished by Roman numerals, correspond to the 

similar tables given in the body of the report under corresponding Arabic 

numerals. These following tables give detailed information as to the features 

of the minimum svstem to be installed in case the full recommendations of the 

• 

engineers are not adopted. 


Table II. 

NUMBER AND SIZE OF LIGHT UNITS 

NEW SYSTEM—MINIMUM RECOMMENDATIONS 


No. 


Size 

and Type 

1280 


100 

c.p. 

gas 

001 


100 

c.p. 

electric 

574 


250 

c.p. 

electric 

3340 


400 

c.p. 

electric 

30 


500 

c-p. 

electric 

022 


000 

c.p. 

electric 

1)5 


800 

c.p. 

electric 

1 


1000 

c.p. 

electric 

313 


1200 

C-P* 

electric 

i 


1000 

c.p. 

electric 

*> 


2400 

c.p. 

electric 


1280 

Gas 1 

[’nits 


5045 

Electric 

Units 

6931 


Total 

Number Units, All Types. 


42 








Table III. 

CHARACTER OF LAMP SUPPORT 

PROPOSED SYSTEM—MINIMUM RECOMMENDATIONS 

No. Type Illustration 

2165 15 ft. concrete post, harp type.Fig. 5, Page 35 

2405 22!/4 ft. suspension, steel or concrete poles.Fig. 4, Page 36 

1614 22*4 ft. concrete post, single bracket .Fig. 3, Page 35 

140 22 1 /o ft. concrete post, double bracket.Note A 

300 30 ft. concrete post, single bracket .Fig. 2, Page 34 

204 30 ft. concrete post, double bracket.Fig. 2-a, Page 34 

10 45 ft. concrete post, double bracket.Note B 

3 45 ft. concrete post, four bracket.Note B 

4526 Ornamental Concrete Posts. 

2405 Suspension Type Supports. 

6031 Total Number Units, All Types. 

Note A: Similar in general type to Fig. 3, Page 35. but with double bracket. 

Note B: Similar in general type and proportions to Fig. 2-a, Page .34, _ 


43 



















COMPARISON OF PRESENT MILWAUKEE STREET LIGHTING 



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Average size of light units, present system.167 c.p. 

Average size of light units, recommended system.364 c.p. 













































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45 



















































Table VI. 


RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE AMOUNTS OF UNDERGROUND AND 

OVERHEAD CIRCUITS 

NEW SYSTEM—MINIMUM RECOMMENDATIONS 

Relative 


Amount Circuit Amount 

211,285 ft. Overhead .12% 

442,602 ft. Underground in pavement .25% 

1.114,154 ft. Underground in parkways.63% 

1,769,041 ft. Total length of circuits.100% 


Table VI-a. 

APPROXIMATE RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE AMOUNTS OF UNDER¬ 
GROUND AND OVERHEAD CIRCUITS 

PRESENT SYSTEM 


Amount Circuit Amount 

020,400 ft. Overhead .67% 

447,300 ft. Underground.33% 

1,367,700 ft. Total length of circuits.100% 


Table VII. 

ENERGY COSTS PER YEAR FOR OPERATING STREET LAMPS 

NEW SYSTEM—MINIMUM RECOMMENDATIONS 


Item 

Gas 

Lamps 


Electric Lamps 



100 c.p. 

100 c.p. 

250 c.p. 400 c.p. 

600 c.p. 

1000 c.p. 

Cost of Energy Consumed 
by Lamp. 

|7.08 

$2.97 

$6.41 $10.11 

$11.65 

$18.42 

Cost of Energy Lost in 
Circuit . 


.48 

1.02 1.62 

1.86 

2.95 

Cost of Energy Consumed 
by Pilot . 

1.31 



• 


Total Energy Cost. 

$8.39 

$3.45 

$7.43 $11.73 

$13.51 

$21.37 


46 










































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59 Sets Circuit Control Apparatus. 28,933 

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Table XII. 

CLASSIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE ELEMENTS 

NEW SYSTEM—MINIMUM RECOMMENDATIONS 


Item Annual Cost 

Contract maintenance of gas units.$ 16,718.00 

Maintenance direct by city, materials. 52,562.34 

Maintenance direct by city, labor. 29,823.32 

Candle power maintenance and lamp quality, laboratory. 6,741.00 

Total ..$105,844.66 


XIII. 

COMPARISON OF ANNUAL COSTS 

MAINTENANCE DIRECT BY CITY v«. MAINTENANCE DIRECT BY UTILITY 

Electric Service Only, and not Including Laboratory. 

Maintenance by City Item Maintenance by Utility 

$22,367.49 
3,355.12 
52,562.34 
5,256.23 

$83,541.18 


$29,823.32.Actual labor cost.. 

.Profit on labor cost.. 

52,562.34.Actual material cost. 

.Profit on material cost 

$82,385.66.Total cost. 


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